Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Sexually Transmitted Blood-Borne Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Jirapa, Upper West Region of Ghana
Table 4
Factors associated and influencing HBV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Jirapa municipality, Ghana.
Variables
HBV infection
Chi-square
Logistic regression
Negative (%T)
Positive (%T)
X2 ( value)
AOR (95% CI)
value
N = 222
N = 24
Age
≤26
121 (49.2)
12 (4.9)
0.18 (0.83)
1
>26
101 (41.1)
12 (4.9)
0.81 (0.3–2.6)
0.72
Religion
Christian
195 (77.6)
21 (10.2)
12.16 (0.02)
Muslim
26 (10.6)
1 (0.4)
Traditional
1 (0.4)
2 (0.8)
Marital status
Single
33 (13.4)
3 (1.2)
0.10 (0.78)
1
Married
189 (76.8)
21 (8.5)
1.1 (0.3–4.8)
0.88
Education
Low
144 (58.5)
19 (7.7)
1.98 (0.18)
1
High
78 (31.7)
5 (2.0)
0.27 (0.1–1.3)
0.11
Occupation
Salaried
185 (75.8)
21 (8.6)
0.19 (0.78)
1
Nonsalaried
35 (14.3)
3 (1.2)
2.1 (0.3–14.9)
0.45
FGM
No
175 (71.1)
14 (5.7)
5.11 (0.04)
1
Yes
47 (19.1)
10 (4.1)
3.08 (1.1–8.7)
0.03
Scarification
No
92 (37.4)
12 (4.9)
0.65 (0.52)
1
Yes
130 (52.8)
12 (4.9)
0.48 (0.2–1.3)
0.16
Blood transfusion
No
199 (80.9)
2 (0.8)
0.10 (1.00)
Yes
23 (9.3)
3 (1.2)
Abortion
No
191 (78.0)
20 (8.2)
0.17 (0.76)
1
Yes
30 (12.2)
4 (1.6)
1.32 (0.4–4.7)
0.67
Surgical operation
No
200 (81.6)
23 (9.4)
0.75 (0.49)
1
Yes
21 (8.6)
1 (0.4)
0.28 (0.03–2.3)
0.24
STIs
No
210 (85.4)
21 (8.5)
1.90 (0.17)
1
Yes
12 (4.9)
3 (1.2)
3.92 (0.44–34.13)
0.22
Dental surgery
No
212 (86.5)
24 (9.8)
1.02 (0.61)
Yes
9 (3.7)
0 (0.0)
Family history of HBV
No
216 (87.8)
21 (8.5)
5.90 (0.04)
1
Yes
6 (2.4)
3 (1.2)
2.72 (0.5–15.6)
0.26
Family history of HCV
No
220 (89.4)
22 (8.9)
7.48 (0.05)
Yes
2 (0.8)
2 (0.8)
Family history of HIV
No
220 (89.4)
23 (9.3)
1.92 (0.27)
Yes
2 (0.8)
1 (0.4)
Gravidity
Primigravida
84 (34.3)
5 (2.0)
2.76 (0.12)
1
Multigravida
137 (55.9)
19 (7.8)
2.38 (0.2–36.3)
0.53
Parity
Nullipara
90 (36.7)
6 (2.4)
4.97 (0.08)
1
Primipara
61 (24.9)
5 (2.0)
0.65 (0.5–9.1)
0.75
Multipara
70 (28.6)
13 (5.3)
1.43 (0.1–17.8)
0.78
Knowledge
Moderate
43 (17.5)
2 (0.8)
1.77 (0.27)
1
Good
179 (72.8)
22 (8.9)
2.90 (0.6–136.3)
0.18
HBV vaccination
No
188 (76.4)
24 (9.8)
4.27 (0.05)
Yes
34 (13.8)
0 (0.0)
Note. FGM: female genital mutilation. Variable and value not considered because a cell value is less than 1 or more than 30% of cells have value less than 5. Bold values are statistically significant at p < 0.05.
