Fulminant Myocarditis with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review from the Case Studies

Table 2

Demographics and clinical data of studied patients. All descriptive parameters are obtained from the original papers.

Demographic variables
	N = 108
Age (years)	34.8 ± 18.1 (range 0–72)
≤20	30 (27.8%)
≥60	10 (9.3%)
Sex
Male	67 (62.0%)
Female	41 (38.0%)
Comorbidities
Not described	21
None	48
Hypertension	12
Obesity	11
Diabetes mellitus	8
Asthma (including allergic cough)	4
Heart diseases	4
Gynecologic diseases	3
Hyperlipidemia	3
Connective tissue disorders	3
Blood disorders	2
Mental disorders	2
Dose of vaccination	N = 19
0	15
1	2
2	1
3	1
≥4	0
Clinical data
Initial symptoms	N = 98 (excluding 10 patients with relevant information unavailable)
Fever	51 (52.0%)
Dyspnea or shortness of breath	45 (45.9%)
Diarrhea	20 (20.4%)
Chest pain	20 (20.4%)
Cough	19 (19.4%)
Vomiting	17 (17.3%)
Abdominal pain	13 (13.3%)
Asthenia	9 (9.2%)
Fatigue	9 (9.2%)
Weakness	5 (5.1%)
Lethargy	5 (5.1%)
Loss of appetite	3 (3.1%)
Concurrent with pneumonia	N = 43
2020	20
2021	20
2022	3
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)	N = 108
LVEF ≤ 20%	48 (52.2%)
20 < LVEF ≤ 30%	31 (33.7%)
30 < LVEF ≤ 40%	7 (7.6%)
40 < LVEF ≤ 50%	3 (3.3%)
50% < LVEF including preserved or normal	3 (3.3%)
Unclassified	16
Pericardial effusion	N = 108
Yes	45 (65.2%)
No	24 (34.8%)
Not described	39
Left ventricular wall thickening	N = 108
Yes	24 (40.7%)
No	35 (59.3%)
Not described	49
Arrhythmia	N = 40
VT	11
Asystole/cardiac arrest	6
PEA	6
VF	5
RBBB	5
AF	4
CAVB	4
Long QT	2
Ectopic wandering atrial pacemaker	1
Diagnostic modality	N = 49
Only CMR	14
Only biopsy	23
Both CMR and biopsy	12
Mechanical circulatory support	N = 67
ECMO	56 (83.6%)
Impella	19 (28.4%)
IABP	12 (12.9%)
RVAD	2 (3.0%)
Combination	20 (29.9%)
Outcome	N = 107 (excluding 1 patient with relevant information unavailable)
Alive	83 (77.6%)
Dead	24 (22.4%)

AF, atrial fibrillation; CAVB, complete atrioventricular block; CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pumping; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; RVAD, right ventricular assist device; RBBB, right bundle branch block; VF, ventricular fibrillation; and VT, ventricular tachycardia.