Review Article
Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review
Table 2
Average pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance, 2016–2022 (N = 58).
| Antibiotics | A. baumannii | CON staphylococci | E. coli | Enterobacter | Enterobacter cloacae | Enterobacteriaceae | Enterococcus faecalis | Enterococcus faecium | H. influenza | H. pylori | K. pneumoniae | N. meningitidis | P. aeruginosa | P. mirabilis | S. aureus | S. pneumonia | Total |
| 3GC | | | 24.4 | | | | | 60 | | | 37.5 | | | | | | 40.6 | Amikacin | 43.3 | | 1.8 | | 17.8 | 5.3 | | | | | 9.4 | | 17.7 | | | | 16.6 | Aminoglycosides | 60.8 | | 34.3 | | | | 64.0 | | | | 63.0 | | 45.1 | | | | 52.0 | Aminopenicillins | | | | | | | 24.5 | | | | | | | | | | 24.5 | Amoxicillin | | | 62.0 | | | | | | | 0.2 | | | | | | 46.0 | 36.1 | Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | | | 39.0 | | | | | | 20.0 | | 19.8 | | | | | | 24.6 | Ampicillin | | | 83.4 | | | | 20.8 | 97.7 | 84.0 | | 26.4 | | | | 92.1 | | 67.4 | Ampicillin/sulbactam | 26.6 | | 57.5 | | | | | | | | 52.1 | | | | | | 40.7 | Aztreonam | | | 22.1 | | 20.4 | | | | | | 36.0 | | | | | | 26.2 | Benzylpenicillin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.0 | | 1.0 | Carbapenems | 55.5 | | 8.6 | 74.1 | 6.9 | | | | | | 23.4 | | 33.3 | 53.8 | | | 33.6 | Cefaclor | | | | | | | | | 55.5 | | | | | | | | 55.5 | Cefazolin | | | 62.3 | | | | | | | | 69.7 | | | | | | 66.0 | Cefepime | 56.7 | | 8.8 | | 18.2 | | | | | | 16.4 | | 22.0 | | | | 27.7 | Cefoperazone/sulbactam | 59.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 59.0 | Cefotaxime | 100.0 | | 27.3 | | | | | | | | | 11.0 | 100.0 | | | 35.1 | 46.8 | Cefotetan | | | 0.6 | | | | | | | | 20.0 | | | | | | 10.3 | Cefoxitin | | | 17.0 | | | | | | | | | | 100.0 | | 25.7 | | 47.6 | Ceftazidime | 66.4 | | 25.3 | | 24.8 | | | | | | 29.5 | | 25.3 | | | | 32.3 | Ceftazidime/cefepime | 95.2 | | | | | | | | | | | | 22.9 | | | | 59.1 | Ceftriaxone | 62.8 | | 41.3 | | 20.8 | 25.4 | | | | | 37.6 | | 91.4 | | | 38.2 | 45.6 | Cefuroxime | | | 7.0 | | | | | | 32.5 | | 19.5 | | | | | | 19.7 | Cephalosporins | | | 87.4 | | | | | | | | 68 | 0 | 0 | 48.5 | 0 | 0 | 76.8 | Chloramphenicol | | | | | | | | | 3.9 | | | | | | | 6.0 | 5.0 | Ciprofloxacin | 56.2 | 57.8 | 36.3 | | 1.0 | 5.1 | | 86.0 | | | 20.1 | 17.0 | 25.4 | 54.7 | 21.3 | | 32.4 | Clarithromycin | | | | | | | | | | 21.4 | | | | | | | 21.4 | Clindamycin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 25.8 | | 25.8 | Clindamycin | | 72.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 37.2 | | 54.8 | Colistin | 3.8 | | | | | | | | | | 30.1 | | 7.0 | | | | 14.1 | Doripenem | 24.4 | | | | | | | | | | 33.4 | | 8.1 | | | | 24.8 | Ertapenem | | | | 18 | 10 | | | | | | 27.5 | | 43.5 | | | 0.3 | 22.7 | Erythromycin | | | | | | | | 88 | | | | | | | 27.8 | 55.8 | 51.1 | ESBLs | | | 18.2 | | | 26.7 | | | | | 34.3 | | | 25.0 | | | 26.8 | Fluoroquinolones | 71.7 | | 39.5 | | | 16.0 | | | | | 42.7 | | 38.8 | | 81.5 | | 48.3 | Fosfomycin | | | 1 | | | | | | | | 27.9 | | | | | | 14.5 | Fosfomycin | | | 14 | | | | | | | | 80 | | | | | | 47 | Gentamicin | 40.4 | 50.7 | 22.5 | | 4.5 | | 59.1 | | | | 19.1 | | 21.6 | 29.2 | 28.3 | | 27.6 | Glycopeptides | | | | | | | | 33.0 | | | | | | | | | 33.0 | Imipenem | 51.4 | | 0.6 | | 8.3 | | | | | | 19.9 | | 27.7 | | | | 27.2 | Imipenem/cilastatin | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | | | 13 | Levofloxacin | 21.2 | | 46.2 | | 1.2 | | | 70.0 | | 15.8 | 13.5 | | 30.3 | | 17.9 | 0.3 | 26.9 | Linezolid | 11.9 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6.5 | Meropenem | 57.8 | | 1.4 | | | 7.9 | | | | | 11.6 | | 24.3 | | | 36.6 | 28.7 | Methicillin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 44.9 | | 44.9 | Metronidazole | | | | | | | | | | 38.9 | | | | | | | 38.9 | Moxifloxacin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.7 | | 1.7 | Multidrug | 44.3 | | 24.0 | | | | | | | | 49.1 | | 28.8 | | | | 39.5 | Nalidixic acid | | | 52 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 52 | Nitrofurantoin | | | 4.6 | | | 3 | | 5.9 | | | 10.4 | | | | | | 5.4 | Ofloxacin | | | | | | | | | 0.3 | | | | | | | | 0.3 | Oxacillin | | 89.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 36.6 | | 45.4 | Penicillin | | | 67 | | | | | 98.1 | | | | | | | 93 | 16.7 | 58.3 | Piperacillin | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | 9 | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 63.0 | | 14.9 | | 13.9 | 12.2 | | | | | 30.4 | | 27.2 | 8.8 | | | 29.4 | Rifampicin | | 13.6 | | | | | | | | 0.9 | | | | | 17.85 | | 13.61 | Teicoplanin | | | | | | | 28.0 | | | | | | | | | | 28.0 | Tetracycline | | | | | | | | 75.0 | 5.8 | | | | | | 34.0 | 94.0 | 48.6 | Tigecycline | 6.1 | | | | | 0.8 | | | | | 6.9 | | | | | | 5.6 | Tobramycin | 14.2 | | 15.4 | | | | | | | | 15.0 | | 33.7 | | | | 19.5 | TXS | 54 | 58.1 | 45.2 | | 13.5 | 18.7 | | | | | 42.0 | | | | 5.2 | 75.5 | 37.6 | Vancomycin | | 6.5 | | | | | 23.3 | 33.2 | | | | | | | 10.4 | | 21.3 | Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor | | | 64.3 | | | | 14.0 | | | | | | | | | | 39.1 | Total average (%) | 52.6 | 43.7 | 27.4 | 46.1 | 12.8 | 17.7 | 33.4 | 59.4 | 28.9 | 15.4 | 28.8 | 14.0 | 29.0 | 48.6 | 29.7 | 36.7 | 38.4 |
|
|
ESBLs: extended-spectrum beta-lactam/beta lactamase-inhibitor; TXS: trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; 3GC: third-generation cephalosporins.
|