Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Distribution of correlation between ABC and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 2016–2022 (N = 58).

ABC	Resistant antibiotic	Bacterial resistance to antibiotic in question (±)
		P. aeruginosa	K. pneumonia	E. coli	N. gonorrhoeae	A. baumannii	E. cloacae	MRSA	Others (11)
Positive and negative correlation between ABC and rate of resistance		73/14	63/14	68/10	8	53/9	12(5)	15(11)	29
Overall correlation between ABC and rate of resistance		87	77	78	8	62	17	26	29
Carbapenem	Carbapenem	6(2)	8(1)	3		11	3	1	1
	Levofloxacin			0/1					0
	Imipenem	4(1)				2			0
	Ceftazidime	1	0/1						0
	Amikacin						1		0
	Fluoroquinolone	1	1						0
	3GC		1	1					0
	Meropenem	2							0
	Ciprofloxacin			0/1					0
Monobactam	Monobactam
	Carbapenems					1	2
Meropenem	Meropenem	3				1		1	0
	Piperacillin/tazobactam								1
	Carbapenems	2							0
Cefepime/Cefotaxime	Cefepime/Cefotaxime	1		2(1)		2			1
Imipenem	Imipenem	1(1)	1			1			0
	Meropenem		1
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	1
	Carbapenems	1							0
Imipenem/cilastatin	Imipenem/cilastatin	1	1	1				0/1	0
Piperacillin/tazobactam	Piperacillin/tazobactam	4		2		2	0/1	0/1	3
	Imipenem		1
	Meropenem		1
	Aminoglycoside		1						0
Linezolid	Linezolid								1
Fluroquinolone	Fluroquinolone	3	3(1)	5	1	1			3
	Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole		1						0
	Levofloxacin			3		2			1
	Imipenem	1				0/1			0
	Ceftazidime		2						0
	Amikacin						1		0
	Carbapenem		0/1	1(1)					1
	Ciprofloxacin	2(2)	3(1)	3(1)	1	3	0/1	1(2)	3
	3GC		1	2					0
Levofloxacin	Levofloxacin	2		1		1		1	0
	Fluoroquinolone	1	1	1					0
	Carbapenem		1						0
Ciprofloxacin	Ciprofloxacin	2(1)	2	3		1 (1)			1
	Carbapenem		0/1						0
	Meropenem					1
	Imipenem					1
	Piperacillin/tazobactam
	Fluoroquinolone			1					0
Norfloxacin	Norfloxacin								0
	Carbapenem		0/1	1					0
Ofloxacin	Ofloxacin								0
	Carbapenem		0/1	0/1					0
Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor	Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor		1	2					0
	Carbapenem			1		4	2(1)		0
	Levofloxacin		2						0
	Imipenem	2				1			0
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	0/1							0
	Ceftazidime	4							0
Amoxicillin/clavulanate	Amoxicillin/clavulanate	1	1(1)	2				1(2)	2
	3GC		1						0
Cephalosporin	Cephalosporin	1	7(1)	7	1	1		2	0
	Amoxicillin/clavulanate			1					0
	Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole			1					0
	Levofloxacin		1			1			0
	3GC		1	2					0
	Ciprofloxacin				1				0
	Carbapenem		1			3			0
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	2	0/1						0
	Cefotaxime			2
	Cefepime	0/1	2	2(1)
	Ceftazidime		0/1						0
Aminoglycosides	Aminoglycosides	1				2(2)		0/1	0
	3GC		1(1)	1(1)					0
	Ciprofloxacin			1(1)	1				0
	Imipenem	1				1			0
	Ceftazidime		1						0
	Amikacin	2					1		0
	Gentamicin	2							0
	Carbapenems	1							0
Macrolides	Macrolides				1				2
	Cefixime				1				0
	Ciprofloxacin				1				0
	Clarithromycin								2
Tigecycline	Tigecycline					1			0
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	0/1							0
Amikacin	Amikacin	3(2)				0/1			0
	Aminoglycosides	1							0
	Imipenem	1 (1)				0/1			0
	Meropenem					0/1			0
Gentamicin	Gentamicin	1	1(1)	1		1			1
	Aminoglycosides	1							0
Fosfomycin	Fosfomycin			1		1			0
Oxacephems	Oxacephems					1			0
	Levofloxacin			1					0
	Imipenem	2				0/1			0
	Ceftazidime		1						0
Sulfonamides	Sulfonamides		2	2				1	0
	Imipenem	1							0
	Ceftazidime		1						0
All antibiotics	All antibiotics		1	1			1		2
	Fluoroquinolone		1	1		1			0
	Levofloxacin			1					0
	3GC		1	1					0
	Carbapenem		1	1					0
	Cloxacillin							1	0
	Macrolides								1
β-Lactam antibiotics	β-Lactam antibiotics		1						0
	3GC		2	1					0
	Carbapenem	1	1						0
Cloxacillin	Cloxacillin							1	0
Tetracycline	Tetracycline								0
	Fluoroquinolone			1					0
	Nalidixic acid			1					0
	Carbapenem					1			0
Ceftazidime	Ceftazidime	1
	Imipenem					1
	Meropenem	1				1
Glycopeptides	Glycopeptides	1					1	0/2	1
	Amikacin			0/1		0/1	0/1		0
	Gentamicin						0/1	1(1)	3
	Carbapenem		1			1
	Piperacillin/tazobactam	1						1	0
	Extended-spectrum cephalosporin			1
	Amikacin	1		1		1			1
	Oxacillin							1	0
Others				1				2 (1)	0

3GC: third-generation cephalosporins.