Review Article
Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review
Table 3
Distribution of correlation between ABC and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 2016–2022 (N = 58).
| ABC | Resistant antibiotic | Bacterial resistance to antibiotic in question (±) | P. aeruginosa | K. pneumonia | E. coli | N. gonorrhoeae | A. baumannii | E. cloacae | MRSA | Others (11) |
| Positive and negative correlation between ABC and rate of resistance | 73/14 | 63/14 | 68/10 | 8 | 53/9 | 12(5) | 15(11) | 29 |
| Overall correlation between ABC and rate of resistance | 87 | 77 | 78 | 8 | 62 | 17 | 26 | 29 |
| Carbapenem | Carbapenem | 6(2) | 8(1) | 3 | | 11 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Levofloxacin | | | 0/1 | | | | | 0 | Imipenem | 4(1) | | | | 2 | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | 1 | 0/1 | | | | | | 0 | Amikacin | | | | | | 1 | | 0 | Fluoroquinolone | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 0 | 3GC | | 1 | 1 | | | | | 0 | Meropenem | 2 | | | | | | | 0 | Ciprofloxacin | | | 0/1 | | | | | 0 |
| Monobactam | Monobactam | | | | | | | | | Carbapenems | | | | | 1 | 2 | | |
| Meropenem | Meropenem | 3 | | | | 1 | | 1 | 0 | Piperacillin/tazobactam | | | | | | | | 1 | Carbapenems | 2 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Cefepime/Cefotaxime | Cefepime/Cefotaxime | 1 | | 2(1) | | 2 | | | 1 |
| Imipenem | Imipenem | 1(1) | 1 | | | 1 | | | 0 | Meropenem | | 1 | | | | | | | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 1 | | | | | | | | Carbapenems | 1 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Imipenem/cilastatin | Imipenem/cilastatin | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | 0/1 | 0 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 4 | | 2 | | 2 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 3 | Imipenem | | 1 | | | | | | | Meropenem | | 1 | | | | | | | Aminoglycoside | | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Linezolid | Linezolid | | | | | | | | 1 |
| Fluroquinolone | Fluroquinolone | 3 | 3(1) | 5 | 1 | 1 | | | 3 | Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | | 1 | | | | | | 0 | Levofloxacin | | | 3 | | 2 | | | 1 | Imipenem | 1 | | | | 0/1 | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | | 2 | | | | | | 0 | Amikacin | | | | | | 1 | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 0/1 | 1(1) | | | | | 1 | Ciprofloxacin | 2(2) | 3(1) | 3(1) | 1 | 3 | 0/1 | 1(2) | 3 | 3GC | | 1 | 2 | | | | | 0 |
| Levofloxacin | Levofloxacin | 2 | | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | 0 | Fluoroquinolone | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | Ciprofloxacin | 2(1) | 2 | 3 | | 1 (1) | | | 1 | Carbapenem | | 0/1 | | | | | | 0 | Meropenem | | | | | 1 | | | | Imipenem | | | | | 1 | | | | Piperacillin/tazobactam | | | | | | | | | Fluoroquinolone | | | 1 | | | | | 0 |
| Norfloxacin | Norfloxacin | | | | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 0/1 | 1 | | | | | 0 |
| Ofloxacin | Ofloxacin | | | | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 0/1 | 0/1 | | | | | 0 |
| Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor | Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor | | 1 | 2 | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | | 1 | | 4 | 2(1) | | 0 | Levofloxacin | | 2 | | | | | | 0 | Imipenem | 2 | | | | 1 | | | 0 | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 0/1 | | | | | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | 4 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 1 | 1(1) | 2 | | | | 1(2) | 2 | 3GC | | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Cephalosporin | Cephalosporin | 1 | 7(1) | 7 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 0 | Amoxicillin/clavulanate | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | Levofloxacin | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 0 | 3GC | | 1 | 2 | | | | | 0 | Ciprofloxacin | | | | 1 | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 1 | | | 3 | | | 0 | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 2 | 0/1 | | | | | | 0 | Cefotaxime | | | 2 | | | | | | Cefepime | 0/1 | 2 | 2(1) | | | | | | Ceftazidime | | 0/1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Aminoglycosides | Aminoglycosides | 1 | | | | 2(2) | | 0/1 | 0 | 3GC | | 1(1) | 1(1) | | | | | 0 | Ciprofloxacin | | | 1(1) | 1 | | | | 0 | Imipenem | 1 | | | | 1 | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | | 1 | | | | | | 0 | Amikacin | 2 | | | | | 1 | | 0 | Gentamicin | 2 | | | | | | | 0 | Carbapenems | 1 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Macrolides | Macrolides | | | | 1 | | | | 2 | Cefixime | | | | 1 | | | | 0 | Ciprofloxacin | | | | 1 | | | | 0 | Clarithromycin | | | | | | | | 2 |
| Tigecycline | Tigecycline | | | | | 1 | | | 0 | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 0/1 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Amikacin | Amikacin | 3(2) | | | | 0/1 | | | 0 | Aminoglycosides | 1 | | | | | | | 0 | Imipenem | 1 (1) | | | | 0/1 | | | 0 | Meropenem | | | | | 0/1 | | | 0 |
| Gentamicin | Gentamicin | 1 | 1(1) | 1 | | 1 | | | 1 | Aminoglycosides | 1 | | | | | | | 0 |
| Fosfomycin | Fosfomycin | | | 1 | | 1 | | | 0 |
| Oxacephems | Oxacephems | | | | | 1 | | | 0 | Levofloxacin | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | Imipenem | 2 | | | | 0/1 | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfonamides | | 2 | 2 | | | | 1 | 0 | Imipenem | 1 | | | | | | | 0 | Ceftazidime | | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| All antibiotics | All antibiotics | | 1 | 1 | | | 1 | | 2 | Fluoroquinolone | | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | | 0 | Levofloxacin | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | 3GC | | 1 | 1 | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | 1 | 1 | | | | | 0 | Cloxacillin | | | | | | | 1 | 0 | Macrolides | | | | | | | | 1 |
| β-Lactam antibiotics | β-Lactam antibiotics | | 1 | | | | | | 0 | 3GC | | 2 | 1 | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | 1 | 1 | | | | | | 0 |
| Cloxacillin | Cloxacillin | | | | | | | 1 | 0 |
| Tetracycline | Tetracycline | | | | | | | | 0 | Fluoroquinolone | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | Nalidixic acid | | | 1 | | | | | 0 | Carbapenem | | | | | 1 | | | 0 |
| Ceftazidime | Ceftazidime | 1 | | | | | | | | Imipenem | | | | | 1 | | | | Meropenem | 1 | | | | 1 | | | |
| Glycopeptides | Glycopeptides | 1 | | | | | 1 | 0/2 | 1 | Amikacin | | | 0/1 | | 0/1 | 0/1 | | 0 | Gentamicin | | | | | | 0/1 | 1(1) | 3 | Carbapenem | | 1 | | | 1 | | | | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 1 | | | | | | 1 | 0 | Extended-spectrum cephalosporin | | | 1 | | | | | | Amikacin | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | | 1 | Oxacillin | | | | | | | 1 | 0 |
| Others | | | | 1 | | | | 2 (1) | 0 |
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3GC: third-generation cephalosporins.
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