The Application of Dynamic Models to the Exploration of -AR Overactivation as a Cause of Heart Failure

Figure 3

The block diagram of control model. ISO (L) activates -AR () receptor generating intermediate complexes causing endocytosis of -AR, so that it can no longer come into contact with the protected ligand; then the complexes LB produce a new substance P and structurally changed receptor -AR () that returns to the cell surface to terminate the signal.