Association between Glucocorticoids and Mortality in Patients with Severe Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 1

Characteristics of 12 included literatures.

Author	Study design	Location	Setting	Intervention/placebo	Corticosteroids used	Mortality outcome (12)	Length of hospital stay (d) (7)	Length of ICU stay (d) (7)	ARDS incidence	Nosocomial infection (6)	Mechanical ventilation required (d) () (10, 4)
Tongyoo et al. [14]	RCT	Thailand	In hospital	98/99	50 mg hydrocortisone intravenously every 6 h daily/normal saline on the same time schedule	22/27; RR 0.82 (0.5-1.34)	NA	NA	22/27	17/19	33/21
Ceccato et al. [24]	Post hoc analysis of RCT	Spain	ICU	56/50	Methylprednisolone	2/1; HR 0.72 (0.11-5.44)			NA	NA	6/5
Nafae et al. [16]	Open-label RCT	Egypt	ICU	60/20	Hydrocortisone	4/6			NA	NA	8/5
Torres et al. [13]	Double-blinded RCT	Spain	In hospital	55/57	Methylprednisolone	6/9	11 (7.5-14)/; 10.5 (8-15)	5 (3-8)/6 (4-8)	NA	NA	5/10
Wittermans et al. [21]	Double-blinded RCT	Netherlands	In hospital	203/198	Dexamethasone	4/7	4.5 (4-5)/5.0 (4.6–5.4)	NA	NA	NA	NA
Fernández-Serrano et al. [15]	Double-blinded RCT	Spain	In hospital	28/28	Methylprednisolone	0/1	10 (9-13)/12 (9-18)	6.5 (5.5-9)/10.5 (6.25-24.5)	1/2	NA	1/5
Moreno et al. [17]	Propensity score matching study of RCT	Spain	ICU	604/1242	Methylprednisolone, prednisolone, or dexamethasone	166/234	NA	10 (5–19)/8 (5–18)	NA	139/248	506/921
Li et al. [18]	RCT	China	In hospital	1055/1086	Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone	261/76	NA	NA	NA	227/154	367/49
Lee et al. [19]	RCT	Singapore	In hospital	612/2037	Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone	70/33; HR 1.7 (1.1-2.6)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Kim et al. [20]	Open-label RCT	Korea	ICU	107/138	Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone	62/37			66/70	61/30	91/71
Cao et al. [22]	Open-label RCT	China	In hospital	65/65	Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone	27/10	NA	NA	NA	17/18	38/27
Brun-Buisson et al. [23]	Open-label RCT	France	ICU	83/125	Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or hydrocortisone	28/21	23.2 (12.2-28.8)/18.1 (12.1-29.8)	22 (13–39)/17 (11–30)	NA	38/44	76/56; 10.2 (9.8-16.8)/14.4 (13.2-23.3)