Combined Effect of Smoking and Fatty Liver Disease on the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from a Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 1
The Characteristic of participants in the NAGALA study, 2004–2015.
Total
Nonsmoker
Ex-smoker
Current smoker
FLD− ()
12723
7805
2226
2692
Sex, (%)
Women
6548 (51.5)
5709 (73.1)
416 (18.7)
423 (15.7)
Age (year)
Body weight (kg)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Waist circumference (cm)
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Exercise type, (%)
Irregular exercise
10415 (81.9)
6413 (82.2)
1699 (76.3)
2303 (85.5)
Regular exercise
2308 (18.1)
1392 (17.8)
527 (23.7)
389 (14.5)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
HbA1C (%)
Alcohol consume type, (%)
None or minimal alcohol consumer
9717 (76.4)
6838 (87.6)
1332 (59.8)
1547 (57.5)
Light alcohol consumer
1472 (11.6)
599 (7.7)
411 (18.5)
462 (17.2)
Moderate alcohol consumer
1110 (8.7)
295 (3.8)
347 (15.6)
468 (17.4)
Heavy alcohol consumer
424 (3.3)
73 (0.9)
136 (6.1)
215 (8)
ALT (IU/L)
15.0 (12.0, 20.0)
14.0 (11.0, 19.0)
17.0 (14.0, 22.0)
17.0 (13.0, 23.0)
AST (IU/L)
17.0 (14.0, 20.0)
16.0 (14.0, 20.0)
18.0 (14.0, 22.0)
17.0 (14.0, 20.0)
GGT (IU/L)
14.0 (11.0, 20.0)
13.0 (10.0, 16.0)
17.0 (13.0, 24.0)
17.0 (13.0, 24.0)
FLD+ ()
2741
1226
726
789
Sex, (%)
Women
486 (17.7)
430 (35.1)
25 (3.4)
31 (3.9)
Age (year)
Body weight
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Waist circumference (cm)
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Exercise type, (%)
Irregular exercise
2340 (85.4)
1046 (85.3)
605 (83.3)
689 (87.3)
Regular exercise
401 (14.6)
180 (14.7)
121 (16.7)
100 (12.7)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
HbA1C (%)
Alcohol consume type, (%)
None or minimal alcohol consumer
2088 (76.2)
1069 (87.2)
480 (66.1)
539 (68.3)
Light alcohol consumer
286 (10.4)
82 (6.7)
104 (14.3)
100 (12.7)
Moderate alcohol consumer
250 (9.1)
55 (4.5)
101 (13.9)
94 (11.9)
Heavy alcohol consumer
117 (4.3)
20 (1.6)
41 (5.6)
56 (7.1)
ALT (IU/L)
27.0 (20.0, 39.0)
25.0 (19.0, 36.8)
28.5 (22.0, 41.0)
28.0 (21.0, 40.0)
AST (IU/L)
21.0 (17.0, 26.0)
20.0 (17.0, 26.0)
21.0 (17.0, 27.0)
20.0 (16.0, 25.0)
GGT (IU/L)
23.0 (17.0, 35.0)
21.0 (15.0, 30.8)
25.0 (19.0, 37.0)
25.0 (19.0, 38.0)
Data are expressed as the number (%) of subjects or mean (SD). ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FLD: fatty liver disease; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
