Combined Effect of Smoking and Fatty Liver Disease on the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from a Population-Based Cohort Study

Table 2

Univariate analysis for incident type 2 diabetes in the NAGALA study, 2004–2015.

	HR (95% CI)	(Wald’s test)	(LR-test)
Sex: men vs. women	2.52 (1.98, 3.21)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Age (year)	1.06 (1.04, 1.07)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Fatty liver: yes vs. no	7.02 (5.70, 8.63)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	1.24 (1.22, 1.27)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	1.09 (1.08, 1.10)	< 0.001	< 0.001
ALT (mmol/L)	1.01(1.01, 1.01)	< 0.001	< 0.001
AST (mmol/L)	1.01 (1.01, 1.01)	< 0.001	< 0.001
GGT (mmol/L)	1.01 (1.01, 1.01)	< 0.001	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.15 (0.11, 0.20)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	1.49 (1.34, 1.66)	< 0.001	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.80 (1.68, 1.92)	< 0.001	< 0.001
HBA1C (%)	54.30 (39.51, 74.62)	< 0.001	< 0.001
Exercise : regular vs. irregular	0.76 (0.56, 1.02)	0.064	0.056
Alcohol consumption (%)			0.001
Light	0.90 (0.65, 1.26)	0.551
Moderate	1.15 (0.82, 1.62)	0.424
Heavy	2.24 (1.54, 3.27)	< 0.001
Smoking status (%)			< 0.001
Ex-smoker	1.66 (1.26, 2.18)	< 0.001
Current-smoker	2.58 (2.06, 3.24)	< 0.001
FBG (mmol/L)	25.38 (18.71, 34.42)	< 0.001	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	1.03 (1.03, 1.04)	< 0.001	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	1.05 (1.04, 1.06)	< 0.001	< 0.001

BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.