Author/year Participants ( Age Type of surgery Techniques ESPB group Control group Postoperative analgesia Rescue analgesia Ciftci et al. (2021) [6 ] 60 18–65 years 1-level lumbar discectomy and hemilaminectomy surgery USG-guided ESPB 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine No block PCIA fentanyl, 1 g paracetamol every 6 hours Meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) Eskin et al. (2020) [7 ] 80 18–80 years 1- or 2-level lumbar decompression surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine No block PCIA tramadol Meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) Elgebaly et al. (2019) [8 ] 60 18–60 years 2-level lumbar spondylolisthesis (L3-L5) USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine Sham blocks (20 ml normal saline) Paracetamol 1 gm/6 hours and ketorolac 30 mg loading dose then 15 mg/8 hours Morphine 0.1 mg/kg iv. Goel et al. (2021) [12 ] 100 18–78 years 1-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine No block 1 gm paracetamol iv. Sixth hourly, 30 mg iv. ketorolac eighth hourly, pregabalin capsule 75 mg once a day Fentanyl 1 mcg/kg iv. Siam et al. (2020) [13 ] 30 >18 years Lumbar spine surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine Ketorolac 0.75 mg/kg and paracetamol 10 mg/kg — 0.5 mg/kg peridine Singh et al. (2019) [14 ] 40 18–65 years Lumbar spine surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine No block iv. diclofenac 1.5 mg/kg every 8 hours iv. morphine 3 mg on demand or Finnerty and Buggy (2021) [15 ] 140 18–65 years 2-level lumbar spine surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine 20 mL of normal saline 0.9% iv. ketorolac 30 mg every 8 hourly, PCIA morphine iv. Morphine Yayik et al. (2019) [16 ] 60 18–65 years 1- or 2-level open lumbar decompression surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.025% bupivacaine No block 400 mg IV ibuprofen 12 hourly; PCIA tramadol 25 mg pethidine Yeşiltaş et al. (2021) [17 ] 56 >18 years Open posterior instrumentation and fusion Free-hand ESPB 20 mL (1 : 1) mixture solution of 0.25% bupivacaine and 1.0% lidocaine Sham blocks (20 mL physiological saline) iv. 1 mg/kg tramadol, 1 g paracetamol 25 mg pethidine Yörükoğlu et al. (2021) [18 ] 54 18–65 years 1-level lumbar microdiscectomy USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine Sham blocks (20 mL normal saline) Tramadol (100 mg) and paracetamol (1 g), PCIA morphine Tenoxicam 20 mg IV (NRS was >3) Yu et al. (2021) [19 ] 80 26-67 years 1-level lumbar fracture USG-guided ESPB 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine Sham blocks (normal saline) PCIA sufentanil and flurbiprofen im. pethidine (NRS was >4) Zhang et al. (2021) [20 ] 60 18–75 years Lumbar spine surgery USG-guided ESPB 25 mL of 0.3% ropivacaine No block PCIA morphine PCIA bolus Zhang et al. (2021) [21 ] 60 20–75 years Open posterior lumbar spinal fusion surgery USG-guided ESPB 20 mL 0.4% ropivacaine Sham blocks iv. flurbiprofen 300 mg, PCIA sufentanil PCIA bolus Zhang et al. (2020) [22 ] 60 18–80 years Open posterior lumbar spinal fusion surgery USG-guided ESPB 25 mL of 0.3% ropivacaine No block PCIA morphine PCIA bolus Zhu et al. (2021) [23 ] 40 45–70 years Lumbar fusion USG-guided ESPB 20 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine Sham blocks (normal saline) iv. sufentanil 5 μ g, flurbiprofen 50 mg, PCIA oxycodone iv. sufentanil 5 μ g
