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| S. No. | Study | Country | Year | Number | Age + mean | Design; duration‡ | Control | Delivery of intervention |
|
| 1. | Kuo | Taiwan | 2018 | 40 (81/19) | O: 67.77 I: 66.93 ± 3.91 C: 71.38 ± 4.22 | Randomized control trial; 8 week | Usual care | Researcher |
| 2. | Gill | US | 2002 | 168 (70/30) | O: 82 I: 81.8 ± 4.0 C: 82.5 ± 4.2 | Randomized control trial; 7 months | Monthly health education sessions for every individual | Physiotherapist |
| 3. | Brown et al. | US | 2000 | 85 (58/42) | I: 81 ± 3 C: 82 ± 1 | Randomized control trial; 3 months | Home exercises | Not reported |
| 4. | Tsang et al. | China | 2013 | 131 (73/27§) | I: 82.33 ± 5.30 C: 83.85 ± 4.03 | Randomized control trial; 12 weeks | Newspaper reading and discussion | Certified qigong instructor |
| 5. | Chen et al. | China | 2020 | 68 (63/37§) | I: 75.97 ± 3.19 C: 76.27 ± 6.98 | Randomized control trial; 9 weeks | Usual care | Physiotherapist or community worker |
| 6. | Yoon et al. | South Korea | 2018 | 78 (78/22§) | O: 71.94 ± 5.27 I: 73.82 ± 3.37 C: 76.03 ± 3.27 | Randomized control trial; 16 weeks | Usual care and dynamic stretching | Exercise by instructor |
| 7. | Takatori et al., | Japan | 2016 | 256 (90/10) | O: 65 ± 3 I: 72.6 ± 4.1 C: 72.9 ± 5.0 | Clinical controlled trial, 6 months | Lectures on health or improved activity | Physical function, mobility |
| 8. | Faber et al., | Netherlands | 2006 | 277 (79/21§) | I: 86.4 ± 4.9, 83.4 ± 5.4 C: 85.9 ± 4.9 | Randomized control trial; 20 weeks | Usual care | Group session by instructor |
| 9. | Losa-Reyna et al. | Spain | 2019 | 28(74/26§) | O: 85.2 ± 4.7 I: 83.0 ± 4.6 C: 82.4 ± 4.8 | Clinical controlled trial, 6 weeks | Usual care | Not reported |
| 10. | Liu et al., 2017 | Hong Kong | 2017 | 80(93/7††) | O: 78.32 ± 6.72 I: 78.72 ± 6.95, 75.03 ± 8.07‡‡ C: 71.90 ± 5.69 | Randomized control trial; 16 weeks | Health management talks on health | Physiotherapist and instructor |
| 11. | Kwon et al. | Japan | 2015 | 88 (96/4††) | O: 77.8 I: 76.0 ± 6.2 C: 75.9 ± 4.9 | Randomized control trial; 12 weeks | Usual health session | Certified trainer for fitness |
| 12. | Giné-Garriga et al. | Spain | 2010 | 50(60/40§) | I: 82.9 ± 1.8 C: 83.1 ± 2 | Randomized control trial; 12 weeks | Usual health session | Physical function |
| 13. | de Jong | Netherlands | 2000 | 206(69/31) | O: 89.7 ± 4.6 I: 74.7 ± 3.4 C: 78.3 ± 5.6 | Randomized control trial; 17 weeks | Social program | Researcher supervised |
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