Cardioprotective Mechanism and Active Compounds of <i>Folium Ginkgo</i> on Adriamycin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Network Pharmacology Study

Sun, Xue; Zhu, Yiming; Li, Fang; Li, Min; Wan, Guoxing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4338260

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4338260 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4338260

Cardioprotective Mechanism and Active Compounds of Folium Ginkgo on Adriamycin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Network Pharmacology Study

Xue Sun,¹Yiming Zhu,¹Fang Li,¹Min Li,¹and Guoxing Wan^1,2

Academic Editor: Ilias Elmouki

Received11 Apr 2022

Accepted19 Sept 2022

Published28 Sept 2022

Abstract

Objective. To investigate the mechanism of Folium Ginkgo (FG) against adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) through a network pharmacology approach. Methods. Active ingredients of FG were screened by TCMSP, and the targets of active ingredient were collected by Genclip3 and HERB databases. AIC-related target genes were predicted by Genecards, OMIM, and CTD databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING platform and imported into Cytoscape software to construct the FG-active ingredients-targets-AIC network, and CytoNCA plug-in was used to analyze and identify the core target genes. The Metascape platform was used for transcription factor, GO and signaling pathway enrichment analysis. Results. 27 active ingredients of FG and 1846 potential targets were obtained and 358 AIC target genes were retrieved. The intersection of FG and AIC targets resulted in 218 target genes involved in FG action. The top 5 active ingredients with most targets were quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and sesamin. After constructing the FG-active ingredients-targets-AIC network, CytoNCA analysis yielded 51 core targets, of which the top ranked target was STAT3. Ninety important transcription factors were enriched by transcription factor enrichment analysis, including RELA, TP53, NFKB1, SP1, JUN, STAT3, etc. The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that the effective active ingredient targets of FG were involved in apoptotic signaling, response to growth factor, cellular response to chemical stress, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, etc. The signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that there were many signaling pathways involved in AIC, mainly including pathways in cancer, FOXO signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, signaling by interleukins, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway,. Conclusions. The study based on a network pharmacology approach demonstrates that the possible mechanisms of FG against AIC are the involvement of multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways, and STAT3 may be a key target. Further experiments are needed to verify the results.

1. Introduction

Adriamycin is a broad-spectrum, highly effective anthracycline antitumor drug that can be used in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies, especially important in the treatment of breast cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, and other cancers. However, the time- and dose-dependent cardiotoxicity caused by adriamycin has severely limited its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy. Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) is observed at a wide range of 3%-48% in adult and can manifest as both acute irreversible myocardial injury, left ventricular dysfunction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure one or more years after the end of treatment [1]. Although current evidence indicates that AIC is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, topoisomerase-2, intracellular environmental imbalance, cellular autophagy, and apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains unknown [2]. Dexrazoxane is the only drug recommended by current guidelines to mitigate AIC, however, the efficacy is limited [3]. Therefore, it is clinically important to explore effective therapeutic drugs to alleviate AIC.

Folium Ginkgo (FG) is the dried leaf of Ginkgo biloba, a plant of the Ginkgo family, which is naturally mild, with a slight air, slightly sweet, bitter, and astringent taste. FG has the effects of activating blood circulation, relieving pain, comforting the lungs and asthma, and reducing lipids, thus has been used in China as a traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, and heart dysfunction for at least 5000 years [4, 5]. Modern pharmacological research has found that FG extract contains a variety of medicinal active ingredients, mainly including flavone glycosides, terpene lactones, ginkgolic acids, etc [6]. These active ingredients are the material basis for its anti-inflammatory, anti-polymerization, lipid-regulating, antioxidant, mitochondrial function protection, and cancer cell apoptosis promotion [7, 8]. The protective effects of FG extract on ventricular myocardial hypertrophy, postinfarction myocardial fibrosis, and ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury in rats were reported by previous in-vivo studies [9]. Clinical studies have also found significant effects of FG extract in the treatment of coronary heart disease, stroke, angina pectoris, and other cardiovascular diseases [9, 10]. In addition to the wide use for cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases, previous study found its myocardial protection effect on cardiomyopathy as well [11]. Studies on the intervention of FG extracts against AIC have also been reported, demonstrating a better therapeutic effect [12]. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of FG extract against AIC is still unclear due to its complex composition and diverse targets. Network pharmacology which integrates systems biology and pharmacology, was widely used to explore the comprehensive mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine. As an effective and rapid tool, network pharmacology takes advantage of its capability in the aspect of elucidating the multitargets and multipathway mechanism to advance the drug discovery [13]. Therefore, this study adopted a network pharmacology approach to screen the active ingredients of FG and establish a disease-target-herbal medicine multilevel network to systematically investigate the possible mechanisms of FG against AIC and provide theoretical references for the development of drugs against AIC.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Screening of Active Ingredients and Targets of FG

The TCMSP database (https://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php) was searched for the chemical composition of FG using “Folium Ginkgo” as the keyword. The possible active ingredients in FG were screened with an oral bioavailability and drug-likeness , and the pharmacologic targets involved were identified. At the same time, using the screened active ingredients as keywords, the online tools Genclip3 (http://ci.smu.edu.cn/genclip3/analysis.php) and HERB (http://herb.ac.cn/) databases were used to further collect additional FG targets, and bioDBnet (https://biodbnet-abcc.ncifcrf.gov/db/db2db.php) was used to perform ID conversion of identified target gene. Finally, the results were summarized and organized to form the FG-targets database.

2.2. Target Screening of AIC

The targets related to AIC were obtained by searching the Genecards database (https://www.genecards.org), the human Mendelian genetic database (OMIM, https://omim.org/) and CTD (http://ctdbase.org/). After removing duplicate targets, gene names of targets were normalized and converted to gene ID by bioDBnet (https://biodbnet-abcc.ncifcrf.gov/db/db2db.php) to obtain the disease targets.

2.3. Network Construction of FG-Active Ingredient-Target-AIC

The active ingredient targets of FG were compared with the cardiotoxicity targets of anthracycline, and the common targets were screened using the venn diagram tool. The above obtained active ingredients of FG and common targets with AIC were collated, and the Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct the FG-active ingredients-targets-disease network.

2.4. Network Construction of Protein-Protein Interactions(PPIs) and Core Targets

The obtained common targets were imported into the STRING database (https://string-db.org/) to obtain the PPI network file. The species was selected as “Homo sapiens”, the interaction score parameter was set to 0.900, and the remaining were set as default. The “TSV” network file was obtained by removing the targets that did not interact with other proteins. The “TSV” file was imported into Cytoscape software, and the topological parameters of each target of the PPI network were analyzed by CytoNCA plug-in, and organized in an excel table, with the following parameters: betweenness, closeness, degree, local average connectivity (LAC), network centrality, and eigenvector. The median values of these six indicators were calculated separately, and the targets were identified as the core targets when all six indicators of the targets were greater than the median value. Subsequently, the core target network was constructed by Cytoscape software.

2.5. Enrichment Analysis of Gene Ontology, Transcription Factor and Signal Pathway

The core target genes obtained above were imported into the online tool Metascape (https://metascape.org/gp/index.html#/main/step1) to perform gene ontology (GO), transcription factor, and signaling pathway enrichment analysis, with the species setting as “H. sapiens” and the module setting as “Express Analysis”.

3. Results

3.1. Active Ingredients and Targets of FG

A total of 27 active ingredients were obtained after screening through the TCMSP database, including white fruit lactone, luteolin, quercetin, geranylin, lignan, etc. The basic information is shown in Table 1. The gene names of potential targets corresponding to each active ingredient were normalized, and a total of 1846 potential targets were obtained after removing duplicate targets (no corresponding target for luteolin).

3.2. AIC-Associated Targets

After searching for AIC target genes in Genecards, OMIM, and CTD databases, normalizing gene names and removing duplicate target genes, a total of 358 target genes were obtained.

3.3. FG-Active Ingredient-Target-AIC Network

The potential targets of the 27 active ingredients of FG were intersected with the target genes of AIC by the online venn diagram tool, resulting in 218 target genes (Figure 1), which indicated that these 218 targets were considered as potential targets of FG against AIC. The active ingredients of FG and their common targets with AIC were imported into Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to generate a FG-active ingredients-target-AIC network, as shown in Figure 2, where the common targets were in blue and the potential targets corresponding to the active ingredients in FG were in green. Figure 2 reflected that 27 active ingredients of FG might interfere with AIC through 218 potential targets. Among them, the top 5 active ingredients with most potential targets were quercetin (MOL000098, 191 targets), lignan (MOL000006, 146 targets), kaempferol (MOL000422, 120 targets), isorhamnetin (MOL000354, 76 targets), and sesquiterpene (MOL001558, 62 targets).

3.4. PPIs and Core Target Networks

The 218 common targets were imported into the STRING database to obtain the TSV network file of PPIs with high confidence, which were then imported into Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and analyzed by CytoNCA plug-in. According to the established criterion, 51 genes were identified as core targets, with which the PPI network was constructed as Figure 3. The topological characteristics of these 51 core targets were shown in Table 2, from which it could be seen that the target with best performance in all parameters was STAT3.

3.5. Enrichment Analysis Results

The 51 core target genes were imported into Metascape online software for enrichment analysis. Using as the threshold, the results of transcription factor enrichment analysis showed that a total of 90 transcription factors were enriched, of which the top 20 were shown in Figure 4, including RELA, TP53, NFKB1, SP1, JUN, STAT3, and other transcription factors, which were considered to be the most important transcription factors involved in FG against AIC. Similarly, the top 20 GO and signaling pathway enrichment analyses were shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), including GO entries for apoptosis, growth factor stimulation response and cellular response to chemical stress and reactive oxygen metabolic processes, and signaling pathways such as cancer-related signaling pathway, FOXO signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, interleukin signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which were considered to be the most important biological processes and signaling pathways involved in FG against AIC.

(a)

(b)

4. Discussion

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is classified as “drug toxicity” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), of which anthracyclines are highly toxic. Therefore, patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy often impair their vital energy with clinical symptoms including palpitations, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and weakness [14, 15]. Studies of TCM syndromes and syndrome elements suggest that the cardiotoxicity syndrome of anthracyclines is characterized by combination of deficiency and abundance, and the pathogenesis includes deficiency, dampness, stasis, and Qi-stagnation. “Deficiency” is the root of the disease, and “tonifying deficiency” is the basic treatment in the practice of TCM, with benefiting Qi and nourishing Yin, invigorating blood and resolving blood stasis as the main treatment method [16].

FG is a common Chinese medicine with the efficacy of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. A large number of basic and clinical studies have revealed a wide range of therapeutic effects of FG extract on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [9]. FG has also shown great potential in the prevention and treatment of AIC. Xu et al. found that FG extract was able to improve cardiac function and myocardial energy metabolism in rats experiencing AIC, and further studies showed that the mechanism may be associated with the increased expression of ghrelin peptide [17]. Li et al. also showed that FG extract could treat anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy [12]. Ding et al. found that FG extract (EGb761) could antagonize AIC in rats without affecting its antitumor activity [18]. Similarly, the cardioprotective effect of FG extract (EGb761) reducing anthracycline-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat and mouse cardiomyocytes was also confirmed by both in vivo and in vitro studies [19–24]. Nevertheless, FG extracts are mixtures containing multiple compounds with diverse targets, and the mechanisms of action often involve multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, even for the standardized FG extract EGb761 (containing 24% ginkgolide and 6% terpene lactone), the several studies to explore its anti-anthracycline cardiotoxicity are mostly concentered on phenotypic exploration, the specific mechanism of action remains to be further investigated.

Unlike the traditional “single compound-disease” approach, network pharmacology is suitable for studying the multiple components and mechanisms of action of TCM from a holistic perspective [25]. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of action of FG on AIC using a network pharmacology approach. The results of this study showed that a total of 27 candidate active ingredients of FG were screened by TCMSP, most of which were flavonol glycosides, indicating that the main components of FG against AIC may rely on flavonol glycosides. Of the candidate active ingredients, the five with most targets were quercetin, lignan, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and sesquiterpene. Moreover, 218 potential targets of AIC were also predicted. According to several studies, quercetin can improve myocardial energy metabolism, inhibit oxidative stress, improve myocardial mitochondrial function, and reduce myocardial apoptosis in rats, thus antagonizing AIC [26–28]. Studies on lignocaine, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and sesquiterpene also showed cardioprotective effects against AIC [29–32]. Therefore, it was hypothesized that quercetin, lignan, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and sesquiterpene might play important roles in the pharmacological mechanism of FG against AIC. In addition, 51 core targets were identified by PPI network analysis. Meanwhile, transcription factor enrichment analysis was performed on these core targets, resulting in 90 potentially important transcription factors, the top 20 of which were illustrated in Figure 4, including RELA, TP53, NFKB1, SP1, JUN, STAT3, etc. Notably, STAT3 was both one of the most important genes in the core target and one of the most important transcription factors enriched. Previous study has shown that inactivation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway significantly reduced myocardial reactive oxygen species and lipid oxidation levels, inhibited myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis, and promoted autophagy, thereby antagonizing AIC [33, 34], and FG extract was found able to suppress STAT3-mediated inflammatory signal in heart, brain, and liver tissue for protection purpose [35–37], implying that STAT3 may be an important target for FG to treat AIC.

The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that the active ingredients of FG are involved in biological processes such as apoptosis, growth factor stimulation response, and cellular response to chemical stress and reactive oxygen metabolic processes, suggesting that the targets of FG are involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress regulation. Signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that numerous signaling pathways, including cancer-related signaling pathway, Foxo signaling pathway, AGE- RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, interleukin signaling pathway, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were involved in the mechanism of FG against AIC. Among them, as a classical pathways to maintain cell survival cycle, activation of PI3K-AKT signaling was demonstrated to effectively attenuate myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis induced by anthracycline [38–40]. Consistently, the therapeutic effect of FG active ingredients ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, and isorhamnetin has been recently validated via their synergistic effect on PI3K-AKT activation in vitro [12]. Interleukin-mediated regulation of inflammation has an important role in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, and different interleukin signaling may play different roles. Previous studies have found that doxorubicin induces proinflammatory factor IL-1β overexpression and promotes myocardial inflammation and apoptosis through activation of NF-κB signaling [41], while activating NF-κB signaling accelerated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and fibrosis in cardiac cells [42]. In support of this, FG has been also found to show a protective effect against AIC by inhibiting NF-κB signaling [12], however, that whether this effect on NF-κB was mediated by interleukin signaling remained unclear. Foxo signaling is important for the regulation of cardiomyocyte development and survival. Doxorubicin has been shown to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy through CDK2-mediated activation of FOXO1 signaling [43], while overexpression of Foxo3A attenuates AIC by inhibiting MIEF2 and mitochondrial disintegration in cardiomyocytes [44], and activation of FOXO3A signaling reduces anthracycline-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes [45], indicating the diversity of FOXO signal in cardiomyocytes. In addition, PI3K-AKT activation was found to upregulate FOXO3A signaling to antagonize AIC [46]. According to the results of the current study, STAT3, FOXO1, and FOXO3 are both the core targets of FG against AIC and the core genes in the aforementioned key signaling, suggesting that there may be synergistic effects among multiple targets and signaling pathways for FG in intervening AIC cardiotoxicity.

5. Conclusion

In summary, this study systematically investigated the active ingredients, targets, and signaling pathways of FG against AIC based on a network pharmacology approach. Quercetin, lignan, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and sesquiterpene were identified as key components of FG in the treatment of AIC and STAT3 was identified as the key target. The synergistic effects of multiple ingredients, targets, and pathways may be implicated in FG action. Given the limitations of network pharmacology, further experimental validation of the effect of the key compounds of FG on important targets and signal such as STAT3 and FOXO signal AIC model is needed in the future, which could provide more support for our finding.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are all included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Conceptualization was done by WG. Data curation were done by SX, ZY, LF, and LM. Formal analysis were done by SX and ZY. Funding acquisition was done by WG. Methodology was done by SX. Project administration was done by WG. Supervision was done by WG. Visualization were done by LF and LM. Writing-original draft were done by SX and ZY. Writing-review and editing were done by all authors. Xue Sun and Yiming Zhu contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province Youth Fund (2020CFB158).

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Copyright © 2022 Xue Sun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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