The Effect of Serum β-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Basic information of literature.

Author	Year	Study type	No. of patients		Outcomes	Standards of high HCG
			High β-hCG	Control
Brajenović-Milić et al. [16]	2004	Cohort	121	1386	PIH, PD, abortion, GMD, IUGR	≥2.0 MoM
Cai et al. [19]	2017	Cohort	494	976	PIH, GMD, PD, IUGR	≥2.0 MoM
Ding et al. [20]	2016	Cohort	23	83	PIH	>2.0 MoM
Gonen et al. [21]	1992	Cohort	271	222	IUGR, PIH	>2.5 MoM
Han et al. [22]	2014	Cohort	62	1938	PIH, GMD	≥2.0 MoM
Han et al. [23]	2014	Cohort	55	171	PIH, GMD	>2.0 MoM
Lepage et al. [18]	2003	Cohort	564	1692	PD, PIH, abortion	≥2.0 MoM
Li et al. [24]	2001	Cohort	51	381	PIH	>2.0 MoM
Onderoğlu and Kabukcu [25]	1997	Cohort	81	481	PD	> 2 MoM
Sharony et al. [26]	2017	Cohort	204	120	IUGR, PD	> 3.0 MoM
Sirikunalai et al. [17]	2016	Cohort	2164	10085	PD, abortion	>2.0 MoM
Yaron et al. [27]	1999	Cohort	1850	43715	Abortion, PD	>2.5 MoM
Zeng et al. [28]	2021	Cohort	40	125	PIH, CMD	>2.0 MoM

Note: PIH: pregnancy-induced hypertension; GMD: gestational diabetes mellitus; PD: premature delivery; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; β-hCG: β-human chorionic gonadotropin; MoM: multiples of the median.