Interrelations among SMED Stages: A Causal Model

Table 5

Effect sizes of direct effects.

	Identification Stage	Separation Stage	Transformation Stage	R-Squared
Separation Stage	ES = 0.443 ()			0.443
Transformation Stage	ES = 0.309 ()	ES = 0.222 ()		0.390
Improvement Stage	ES = 0.258 ()	ES = 0.191 ()	ES = 0.126 ()	0.366