Complex Brain Network Analysis and Its Applications to Brain Disorders: A Survey

Table 4

Overview of structural brain network studies in SCZ.

Study	Modality	Subjects	Node definition	Edge definition	Network type	Main findings
Bassett et al., 2008 [71]	sMRI	203 SCZ; 259 HC	104 regions in Pick atlas	Partial correlation based on gray matter volume	Binary	(1) The multimodal network was hierarchy and the transmodal network was assortative in HC.; (2) Abnormal multimodal network organization showed reduced hierarchy, the loss of frontal and the emergence of nonfrontal hubs, and increased connection distance in SCZ.
Zhang et al., 2012 [72]	sMRI	101 SCZ; 101 HC	78 regions in AAL atlas	Partial correlation based on cortical thicknesses	Binary	(1) Increased characteristic path length and clustering coefficient in SCZ.; (2) Reduced nodal centrality in several regions of the default network in SCZ.; (3) Increased nodal centrality in primary cortex and paralimbic cortex regions in SCZ.
Shi et al., 2012 [105]	sMRI	26 SCZ; 26 HC	90 regions in AAL atlas	Pearson correlation based on gray matter volume	Binary	(1) Lower global efficiency in SCZ.; (2) Longer connection distance in SCZ.; (3) Fewer number of hub nodes with higher betweenness in SCZ.
Tijms et al., 2015 [106]	sMRI	144; HR-SCZ; 36 HC	6 × 6 × 6 mm^3 cubes	The similarity of grey matter structure	Binary	(1) Lower path length in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, left posterior cingulate region, and superior temporal gyrus in HR-SCZ.; (2) Lower clustering coefficient in the right medial superior frontal gyrus, right insula, right fusiform gyrus, left occipital gyrus, and right temporal regions in HR-SCZ.
Zalesky et al., 2011 [107]	DTI	74 SCZ; 32 HC	82 regions in AAL atlas	FN	Binary	(1) Lower global efficiency in SCZ.; (2) Lower node degree in medial frontal, parietal/occipital, and the left temporal lobe in SCZ.
Collin et al., 2014 [108]	DTI	40 SCZ; 54 SCZ; siblings; 51 HC	68 regions in FreeSurfer	FN	Weighted	(1) Reduced connectivity between rich club hubs (i.e., lowest in SCZ, intermediate in SCZ siblings, and highest in HC).; (2) Lower levels of rich club connectivity related to longer duration of illness and worse overall functioning.
Sun et al., 2015 [109]	DTI	116 SCZ; 66 HC	90 regions in AAL atlas	FN	Weighted	(1) Significantly different in the hemispheric-independent deficit of global integration in SCZ.; (2) Longer characteristic path length and lower global efficiency in SCZ.; (3) Reduced asymmetric nodal efficiency in several frontal regions and the hippocampus in SCZ compared with HC.
Sun et al., 2016 [110]	DTI	31 SCZ; 28 HC	90 regions in AAL atlas	FN × FA	Weighted	(1) Significantly different in the independent deficit of global integration in SCZ compared with HC.; (2) Longer characteristic path length and lower global efficiency in SCZ.