Complex Brain Network Analysis and Its Applications to Brain Disorders: A Survey

Table 9

Overview of functional brain network studies in MS.

Study	Modality	Subjects	Node definition	Edge definition	Network type	Main findings
Gamboa et al., 2014 [134]	fMRI	16 MS; 20 HC	116 regions in AAL atlas	Pearson correlation	Binary	(1) Increased modularity in MS.
Rocca et al., 2016 [135]	fMRI	246 MS; 55 HC	116 regions in AAL atlas	Pearson correlation	Binary	(1) Lost hubs in superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and anterior cingulum in the left hemisphere in MS.; (2) New hubs in the left temporal pole and cerebellum in MS.; (3) Different hemisphere for basal ganglia hubs in MS.; (4) Decreased nodal degree in the bilateral caudate nucleus and right cerebellum in MS.
Shu et al., 2016 [132]	fMRI	41 CIS; 32 MS; 35 HC	90 regions in AAL atlas	Pearson correlation	Weighted	(1) Decreased local efficiency and clustering coefficient in MS compared with HC.; (2) No significant differences with the other two groups in any global metrics in the CIS group.
Liu et al., 2017 [136]	fMRI	35 CIS; 37 MS; 36 HC	90 regions in AAL atlas	Pearson correlation	Weighted	(1) CIS showed intermediate global efficiency between MS and HC.; (2) Lower global efficiency and local efficiency in MS compared with HC.
Schoonheim et al., 2013 [137]	MEG	34 MS; 28 HC	137 channels	Synchronization likelihood	Weighted	(1) Increased connectivity strength in theta, lower alpha, and beta bands in MS.; (2) Decreased connectivity strength in the upper alpha band in MS.; (3) Increased path length and clustering coefficient in the lower alpha band in MS.
Tewarie et al., 2014 [129]	MEG	102 MS; 42 HC	78 regions in AAL atlas	Phase lag index	Weighted	(1) Higher normalized path length in the theta band in MS.; (2) Lower normalized clustering coefficient in the alpha2 band in MS.