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| Article | Year | Link with present study | Methodology | Outcomes |
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| Acaravci and Ozturk [16] | 2010 | This study examines the causal relationship between GHGs, energy consumption, and economic growth | Uses autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration for nineteen European countries | Shows long-run relationship between GHGs, energy consumption per capita, real GDP per capita, and the square of per capita real GDP |
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| Apergis and Ozturk [17] | 2015 | This study focuses on both GDP and policies in fourteen Asian countries to capture income-emission relationship | Uses GMM method to a multivariate panel data framework | Illustrates inverted U-shaped association between emissions and per capita GDP for selected Asian economies over the period 1990–2011 |
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| Coondoo and Dinda [18] | 2002 | This study presents the results of a study of income and major GHG emission | Granger causality test is used to cross-country panel data on per capita income and the corresponding per capita CO2 emission | For the group of developed economies, the causality is found to run from GHG emission in terms of CO2 emission to income |
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| Kasman and Duman [19] | 2015 | This article examines the causal relationship among energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization for a panel of new EU member and candidate countries | Panel cointegration methods and panel causality tests are used to investigate such associations | Short-run unidirectional panel causality running from energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization to carbon emissions and long-run associations are claimed |
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| Cho et al. [20] | 2014 | This study investigates the EKC hypothesis by using the total GHG and methane emission | Uses panel cointegration tests as well as the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach | Shows that a quadratic relationship may exist in the long run for twenty-two OECD countries |
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| Fujii and Managi [21] | 2016 | This study analyzes the relationship between economic growth and emissions of major GHGs including methane | Uses of both time series and panel data analysis | Shows doubt over presence of EKC for several individual industries and illustrates the presence of EKC at the country and total industrial sector level data |
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| Kubicová [22] | 2014 | Examines both EKC and PHH in the context of GHGs for Slovak Republic | Granger causality test | Concludes that the volume of per capita per capita greenhouse gas emissions in the present period and in any of the previous four periods has no effect on the amount of net FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP in the Slovak Republic |
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| Marchal et al. [23] | 2011 | This study searches for the policy implications of the climate change challenge in the context of methane emission and growth | Cross-sectional data and forecasting method are used | Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are projected to increase to 2050; although agricultural land is expected to expand slowly along with the escalation of agricultural productions in developing countries |
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| OECDEO [24] | 2008 | This study predict the GHGs emissions in 2030 under unchanged environmental conditions | Employs simulations exercise in order to find policy actions to address the key challenges, including their potential environmental, economic and social impacts | Claims a rise in income and aspirations for better living standards will increase the pressure on the planet’s natural resources |
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| Ali and Abdullah [25] | 2015 | This study examines the association between the major GHG emission and its determinants like economic growth, financial development, and trade openness for the time period 1970–2012 | Uses vector error correction model (VECM) approach to investigate the relationship between the variables | Claims economic growth, financial development, and trade openness are still very important in determining the CO2 emissions |
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| Benavides et al. [26] | 2017 | This study investigates the relationship between methane emissions, GDP, electricity production from renewable energy sources, and trade openness | Uses ARDL and Granger causality test | Shows unidirectional causality between CH4 and the variables involved |
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| Du et al. [27] | 2018 | Illustrates methane emissions from 2000 to 2014 that originated from wastewater from different provinces in China | Adopts artificial neural network model | Shows an increasing trend in methane emissions in China and a spatial transition of industrial wastewater emissions |
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| Fernández-Amador et al. [28] | 2018 | Estimates the income elasticity of per capita methane emissions | Uses threshold models with piecewise-linear income elasticity | Income elasticity decreases at high income levels but the rate is diminishing |
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| Shahbaz et al. [29] | 2015 | Examines the EKC hypothesis in Portugal in the context of major GHG emission | Adopts ARDL bounds testing approach | Shows existence of EKC hypothesis in both the short run and long run |
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| Shahbaz et al. [30] | 2014 | Investigates the existence of EKC hypotheses in case of Tunisia using annual time series data for the period of 1971–2010 | ARDL bounds testing approach, vector error correction model, and innovative accounting approach are employed | Claims long run association among economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions |
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| Bates [31] | 2001 | Considers agriculture GHG emission with reference to methane and nitrous oxide emissions in EU | Time series and panel data analysis are used | Predicts that the baseline emissions of methane and nitrous oxide in the agricultural sector are likely to decline by 7% |
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| Fernández-Amador et al. [11] | 2018 | Considers global dataset on methane inventories derived from production, final production, and consumption for the time period 1997–2011 | Uses panel data regression | Shows the presence of relative decoupling between methane and growth, and the relationship is nonlinear in nature |
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| Hasegawa and Matsuoka [32] | 2010 | Introduces an integrated model to predict global CH4 and N2O emissions and reduction potentials related to agricultural production over the period 2000 to 2030 | Agricultural model and countermeasure selection model are introduced | Claims that the livestock manure management and rice paddy are expected to be emission sources that have high reduction potentials |
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| Adger et al. [33] | 2005 | This study reviews the nature of adaptation and also examines the implications of different spatial scales for these processes | Uses normative evaluative criteria | Shows that elements of effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and authenticity are important in claiming success in terms of the sustainability |
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| Asghar et al. [34] | 2006 | Introduces the ideas of disasters management with GHG emission | Model of integrated disaster management is used | Findings have claimed that proper policy investigations, plans, programmes and adaptation in terms of risks, and opportunities can make GHG emissions as sustainability indicators |
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| Barnett and O’Neill [35] | 2010 | Relates adaptation and GHGs in the context of Melbourne | Considers comparative analysis | Claims in favour of introduction a line of investigation that the policy-makers should ask and seek answers before committing resources to adaptation decisions |
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| Haddad [14] | 2005 | Relates HDI with GHGs | Introduces sociopolitical model | Advocates that adaptive capacity based on national sociopolitical aspirations is needed |
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| Maredia and Minde [36] | 2002 | Examines association among agriculture, technology, and environmental degradation | Uses Africa-based analysis with descriptive statistics | Finds lack of adaptation may degrade environment with more higher agricultural productivity in Africa |
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| Mimura et al. [37] | 2014 | Relates adaptation with climate change | Adaptation strategy is employed | Recognizing the importance of mainstreaming adaptation and the integration of adaptation policies within those of development increases |
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| Volenzo [38] | 2015 | Relates methane emission, agriculture, and adaptation | Simulation exercises has been introduced | Claims failure to adopt proper adaptation may aggravate small-scale farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and weather variability and in return economy will produce suboptimal outcomes |
| Volenzo et al. [39] | 2019 | Related to methane emission, agriculture, and adaptation | Uses simulation exercises | Encouraged to design and implement policies and strategies that take cognizance of poverty-maladaptation-environmental degradation nexus |
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