How Price-Based Frequency Regulation Impacts Stability in Power Grids: A Complex Network Perspective

Figure 3

Stability of the CSG. (a) Time series of the snippet from the China Southern Power Grid with a one-time artificial perturbation located at node 0. In the stationary state, nodes 2 and 3 are driven periodically away from the synchronous state, while nodes 0 and 1 remain close to the state. (b) System antidisturbance capability ADC with respect to the synchronization rate r. Parameters are as follows: , , , , , , , , , , , and . For residential loads , commercial loads , and industrial loads , with varying the reaction rate of generators and therefore .

(a)

(b)