A General Model of Population Dynamics Accounting for Multiple Kinds of Interaction

Figure 10

Obligate-obligate mutualism with positive and negative intraspecific interaction: (a) we have the case where and , which means that intraspecific competition of is the same that intraspecific cooperation of and both interactions weight lower than mutualism; (b) we have and , which means that intraspecific competition of weights the same than mutualism and intraspecific cooperation of . Here, .

(a)

(b)