Multivariable Controller Design for the Cooling System of a PEM Fuel Cell by considering Nearly Optimal Solutions in a Multiobjective Optimization Approach

<div>Degradation limits of <svg height="11.6412pt" id="M45" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 11.3356 11.6412" width="11.3356pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M494 0V32C450 38 426 53 393 105L296 260C330 305 354 338 375 361C411 396 421 401 476 410V442H293V410C332 402 337 394 323 371C311 351 295 324 274 293L227 371C213 393 218 402 252 410V442H16V410C70 402 80 391 108 344L196 199C166 159 140 123 115 95C81 54 61 43 7 32V0H196V32C156 41 150 53 167 81C182 105 199 138 219 166L269 79C287 49 283 38 245 32V0H494Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.29,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"></path></g></svg> (optimal) and <svg height="11.6412pt" id="M46" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 11.3356 11.6412" width="11.3356pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M494 0V32C450 38 426 53 393 105L296 260C330 305 354 338 375 361C411 396 421 401 476 410V442H293V410C332 402 337 394 323 371C311 351 295 324 274 293L227 371C213 393 218 402 252 410V442H16V410C70 402 80 391 108 344L196 199C166 159 140 123 115 95C81 54 61 43 7 32V0H196V32C156 41 150 53 167 81C182 105 199 138 219 166L269 79C287 49 283 38 245 32V0H494Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.29,-5.741)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z"></path></g></svg> (nearly optimal) controllers under uncertainty in the model. The uncertainty is measured by varying the model parameters by <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.85534pt" id="M47" style="vertical-align:-0.4673595pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.38798 30.1509 8.85534" width="30.1509pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.631,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.871,0)"><path d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.111,0)"><path d="M594 629L561 652L159 -9L190 -32L594 629ZM194 635C92 635 49 534 49 453C49 374 92 272 193 272C295 272 338 374 338 454S295 635 194 635ZM193 605C257 605 265 504 265 453C265 405 257 302 194 302C133 302 122 403 122 454S133 605 193 605ZM567 351C465 351 421 250 421 169C421 90 465 -12 566 -12S710 90 710 170S667 351 567 351ZM566 322C628 322 637 221 637 169C637 121 628 18 567 18S494 119 494 170C494 223 506 322 566 322Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

Complexity

fig2

Figure 2

Figure 2: Multivariable Controller Design for the Cooling System of a PEM Fuel Cell by considering Nearly Optimal Solutions in a Multiobjective Optimization Approach 

Figure 2 | Multivariable Controller Design for the Cooling System of a PEM Fuel Cell by considering Nearly Optimal Solutions in a Multiobjective Optimization Approach 