Improving the Performance of Whale Optimization Algorithm through OpenCL-Based FPGA Accelerator

Table 3

Comparison between the proposed algorithms and the state-of-the-art algorithms (128D).

Func.	PWOA-PPM		PWOA-AFPM		WOA		CSO		PSO
	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)
	8.37E − 111	0.2614	2.52E − 110	0.2781	1.21E − 110	1.1735	4.79E − 07	0.6871	1.08E − 01	1.0877
	3.26E − 64	0.2588	4.51E − 63	0.2761	1.71E − 62	1.1620	4.80E − 04	0.6495	4.05E + 02	1.1288
	2.40E + 03	0.2584	1.68E + 03	0.2817	2.45E − 03	1.1284	4.30E + 04	0.6805	9.83E + 04	1.3444
	1.46E − 18	0.2540	2.67E − 17	0.2693	1.70E − 17	1.1045	3.79E + 01	0.6723	5.37E + 01	1.1271
	4.36E − 01	0.2760	9.40E − 01	0.2584	7.56E − 02	1.1548	4.51E + 02	0.7085	7.63E + 02	1.1259
	−5.33E + 04	0.3525	−5.35E + 04	0.3318	−6.37E + 03	2.6482	−4.02E + 04	1.1221	V3.23E + 04	1.9468
	0	0.3321	0	0.2641	0	2.21	1.26E + 02	1.0309	4.43E + 02	1.7101
	4.58E − 15	0.3020	2.22E-15	0.2798	2.81E − 15	2.2070	8.17E − 04	1.0271	7.93E + 00	1.6865
	0	0.3193	0	0.2733	0	2.6825	1.11E − 02	1.0924	2.85E − 01	1.8733
	3.37E − 10	0.2695	2.69E − 11	0.3795	2.01E − 11	3.3434	4.35E − 01	1.3632	2.31E + 01	2.5813