Improving the Performance of Whale Optimization Algorithm through OpenCL-Based FPGA Accelerator

Table 4

Comparison between the proposed algorithms and the state-of-the-art algorithms (256D).

Func.	PWOA-PPM		PWOA-AFPM		WOA		CSO		PSO
	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)
	3.47E − 118	0.6760	5.40E − 118	1.7067	4.72E − 118	4.4267	2.01E − 06	2.6118	7.82E + 02	4.3250
	3.54E − 65	0.7065	7.52E − 65	1.6059	5.59E − 65	4.5381	8.65E − 04	2.7718	8.64E + 02	4.5422
	8.89E + 02	0.6839	3.15E + 03	1.6452	2.87E + 03	4.4668	1.62E + 05	2.8792	4.13E + 05	4.5937
	7.75E − 21	0.6947	2.20E − 21	1.7199	1.04E − 20	4.3673	3.46E + 01	2.6202	6.84E + 01	4.5842
	3.81E + 00	0.7995	2.40E − 01	1.6395	8.51E − 02	4.5709	7.68E + 02	2.6535	2.0E + 05	4.9438
	−1.05E + 05	1.0876	−1.07E + 05	1.5272	−9.01E + 03	10.5611	−7.45E + 04	4.6981	−5.63E + 04	7.1954
	0	1.1013	0	1.6448	0	8.7863	1.93E + 02	4.1165	9.30E + 02	6.0118
	1.06E − 15	0.9937	2.98E − 15	1.6502	3.06E − 15	8.7506	8.34E − 04	4.0297	1.36E + 01	6.0041
	0	1.0277	0	1.6496	0	10.6604	1.31E − 03	4.3609	1.14E + 01	8.1001
	2.34E − 11	0.8478	3.04E − 12	1.6143	6.36E − 12	13.3073	5.20E − 01	5.2544	8.13E + 01	9.5807