Improving the Performance of Whale Optimization Algorithm through OpenCL-Based FPGA Accelerator

Table 5

Comparison between the proposed algorithms and the state-of-the-art algorithms (512D).

Func.	PWOA-PPM		PWOA-AFPM		WOA		CSO		PSO
	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)	Mean	Time (s)
	6.50E − 123	2.5753	9.92E − 123	4.5841	1.38E − 122	17.6789	1.14E − 04	10.2368	8.32E + 04	18.1490
	1.91E − 68	2.5890	4.37E − 68	4.8587	9.88E − 68	18.0246	1.34E − 01	10.8658	1.74E + 03	19.0045
	1.73E + 04	2.4585	5.70E + 03	4.6452	2.65E + 03	17.8125	1.38E + 08	10.4507	1.54E + 06	18.5338
	8.08E − 23	2.5920	1.08E − 22	4.8721	4.79E − 22	17.4709	3.86E + 01	10.0652	9.81E + 01	18.7573
	1.31E + 00	2.8612	5.06E + 00	3.8336	7.35E + 00	18.2380	1.11E + 03	10.8096	1.00E + 08	18.8939
	−2.14E + 05	3.1862	−2.17E + 05	5.9001	−1.43E + 04	42.3103	−1.17E + 05	19.2030	−9.31E + 04	30.1889
	0	3.0358	0	3.9192	0	35.2929	2.79E + 03	17.0799	2.81E + 03	29.1872
	6.13E − 16	2.9920	3.29E − 15	5.6349	2.70E − 15	34.9978	4.36E − 03	15.6751	1.72E + 01	28.9203
	0	3.0299	0	4.3163	0	42.7160	5.22E − 04	18.2628	7.59E + 02	29.9871
	3.53E − 12	2.9357	1.09E − 12	7.4716	5.49E − 12	51.1879	3.34E − 01	21.4533	9.64E + 06	34.8555