An Assessment Approach to Urban Economic Resilience of the Rust Belt in China
Table 1
An index system to assess urban economic resilience in the rust belt of China.
System level
Criterion level
Specific factor level (formula)
A1 diversity
B1 industrial diversity
C1 structural diversity index for primary, secondary, and tertiary industry (the specific algorithm is detailed in Section 3.3.1)
C2 structural diversity index for 19 subsectors in primary, secondary, and tertiary industry (the specific algorithm is detailed in Section 3.3.1)
B2 industrial transformation and upgrade
C3 tertiary industry as percentage of GDP (tertiary industry output/gross domestic product)
A2 capabilities related to revenue and expenditure
B3 personal revenue- and expenditure-related ability
C4 per capita GDP (gross domestic product/population)
C5 per capita disposable income ((total household income-income tax paid-social security expenditure paid by individual-accounting subsidy)/family population)
C6 per capita household saving deposits rate (household saving deposits at year-end/gross domestic product/population)
B4 governmental revenue and expenditure ability
C7 public fiscal revenue as percentage of GDP (public finance income/gross domestic product)
C8 public fiscal expenditure as percentage of GDP (public finance expenditure/gross domestic product)
A3 innovation environment
B5 technological innovation environment
C9 science and technology expenditure as percentage of public fiscal expenditure (expenditure for science and technology/public finance expenditure)
C10 per 10,000 people subscribers of Internet services (number of subscribers of Internet services/population/10000)
C11 per 10,000 people patent applications (number of patent applications/population/10000)
C12 per 10,000 people scientific papers (number of scientific papers/population/10000)
B6 ecological development environment
C13 per capita public recreational green area (public recreational green area/population)
C14 green coverage of built district (green coverage area/built area)
C15 ratio of industrial solid wastes comprehensive utilized (number of utilized industrial solid wastes/total number of industrial solid wastes)
B7 basic social environment
C16 per 10,000 people full-time teachers in regular institutions of higher education (number of full-time teachers in regular institutions of higher education/population/10000)
C17 per 10,000 people doctors (number of doctors/population/10000)
C18 proportion of education expenditure in fiscal expenditure (expenditure for education/public finance expenditure)
A4 trend of development
B8 economic development trend
C19 GDP growth rate ((gross domestic product of the next year-gross domestic product of the previous year)/gross domestic product of the previous year100%)
C20 investment in focused assets growth rate ((investment in focused assets of the next year-investment in focused assets of the previous year)/investment in focused assets of the previous year100%)
C21 total value of social retail goods growth rate ((total value of social retail goods of the next year-total value of social retail goods of the previous year)/total value of social retail goods of the previous year100%)
B9 social development trend
C22 natural population growth rate ((population of the next year-population of the previous year)/population of the previous year100)
C23 employment growth rate ((employment of the next year-employment of the previous year)/employment of the previous year100)
C24 social security and employment expenditure as percentage of fiscal expenditure (expenditure for social security and employment/public finance expenditure)
A5 openness
B10 foreign trade openness
C25 total value of imports and exports of goods as percentage of GDP (total value of imports and exports/gross domestic product)
C26 amount of foreign capital actually utilized as percentage of GDP (amount of foreign capital actually utilized/gross domestic product)
C27 proportion of output value from investment by foreign enterprises, and those of enterprises in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan as percentage of gross industrial output value (output value from investment by foreign enterprises, and those of enterprises in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan/gross industrial output value)
B11 domestic trade openness
C28 output value of domestic enterprises as percentage of gross industrial output value (output value from domestic enterprises/gross industrial output value)
C29 GDP average highway freight traffic (highway freight traffic/gross domestic product)
C30 per capita highway passenger traffic (highway passenger traffic/population)
