Research Article
Decomposition-Based Multistep Sea Wind Speed Forecasting Using Stacked Gated Recurrent Unit Improved by Residual Connections
Table 4
Comparison of VMD-based models with and without residual connections.
| ā | Step | VMD-GRU | VMD-Stacked GRU without residual connections | VMD-Stacked GRU with residual connections (a) | VMD-Stacked GRU with residual connections (b) | RMSE | MAE | MAPE | RMSE | MAE | MAPE | RMSE | MAE | MAPE | RMSE | MAE | MAPE |
| Area 1 | 1 | 0.1385 | 0.1058 | 2.0586 | 0.1436 | 0.1080 | 2.0625 | 0.1369 | 0.1039 | 1.9920 | 0.1353 | 0.1027 | 2.0204 | 2 | 0.1643 | 0.1290 | 2.5175 | 0.1733 | 0.1361 | 2.6172 | 0.1583 | 0.1221 | 2.2883 | 0.1583 | 0.1238 | 2.4080 | 3 | 0.1779 | 0.1393 | 2.7237 | 0.1889 | 0.1485 | 2.7730 | 0.1730 | 0.1332 | 2.5687 | 0.1655 | 0.1301 | 2.5090 |
| Area 2 | 1 | 0.1573 | 0.1186 | 1.8829 | 0.1740 | 0.1295 | 2.0598 | 0.1560 | 0.1172 | 1.8288 | 0.1708 | 0.1280 | 1.9927 | 2 | 0.2090 | 0.1622 | 2.7126 | 0.2209 | 0.1712 | 2.8313 | 0.2141 | 0.1665 | 2.8083 | 0.2234 | 0.1733 | 2.7884 | 3 | 0.2617 | 0.2044 | 3.5049 | 0.2576 | 0.2004 | 3.3341 | 0.2500 | 0.1950 | 3.3832 | 0.2558 | 0.1994 | 3.2428 |
| Area 3 | 1 | 0.1031 | 0.0771 | 1.5846 | 0.1036 | 0.0772 | 1.5947 | 0.1039 | 0.0776 | 1.6081 | 0.1056 | 0.0789 | 1.6002 | 2 | 0.1253 | 0.0972 | 2.0268 | 0.1255 | 0.0972 | 2.0249 | 0.1252 | 0.0975 | 2.0334 | 0.1255 | 0.0975 | 2.0457 | 3 | 0.1367 | 0.1067 | 2.2642 | 0.1361 | 0.1063 | 2.2395 | 0.1358 | 0.1062 | 2.2520 | 0.1347 | 0.1053 | 2.2406 |
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