Hamilton Energy Control for the Chaotic System with Hidden Attractors

Wang, Meibo; Ma, Shaojuan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530557

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5530557 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530557

Hamilton Energy Control for the Chaotic System with Hidden Attractors

Meibo Wang¹and Shaojuan Ma^1,2

Academic Editor: Xinzhi Liu

Received02 Mar 2021

Accepted27 Jul 2021

Published04 Aug 2021

Abstract

In this paper, the dynamic behavior and control of chaotic systems with hidden attractors are studied. Firstly, a class of autonomous chaotic systems without the equilibrium point is proposed. Secondly, quantitative analysis methods are applied to explore the dynamic behavior of the new chaotic systems. Then, the Hamilton energy function of the new system is calculated by the Helmholtz theorem and the energy feedback controller is designed. Finally, the effectiveness of the controller is verified by numerical simulations. Compared with the line feedback control, the control effect of Hamilton energy control is better.

1. Introduction

Since the second half of the twentieth century, nonlinear science has made great development. Chaos, as a research hotspot of nonlinear science, is considered to be the third revolution after relativity theory and quantum mechanics [1]. So, it is paid more attention by many researchers. They found some important properties about different kinds of chaotic systems, especially including chaotic systems with hidden attractors [2–6]. These attractors are widely present in different dynamic systems, such as the Chua circuit [7], Van der Pol–Duffing oscillator [8], induction motor-driven drilling system model [9], convective fluid motion-like Lorenz system [10], and multilevel DC converter [11]. Hidden attractors are not intersected with any small neighborhoods of unstable equilibrium points, which can lead to unpredictable catastrophic responses, such as airplane crashes, sudden climate changes, severe diseases, financial crises, and commercial equipment problems [12, 13]. Therefore, the research studies on chaotic control of the systems with hidden attractors are of great significance. Sharma et al. [14] applied the scheme of linear augmentation to control the multistability in the hidden attractors. Feng and Wei [15] studied time-delay feedback control to the generalized Sprott B system with hidden attractors. Adaptive control of the hyperchaotic system with a hidden attractor was designed by Vaidyanathan [16]. Wei et al. [17] applied the nonlinear feedback controller, sliding mode controller, and their hybrid combination to control the chaotic system with hidden attractors. In circuits [18–22], Lai et al. proposed a no-equilibrium chaotic system with hidden attractors and coexisting attractors [22]. Marius and Michal [23] proved that the impulsive difference equation can generate hidden attractors; they also restrained the chaotic behavior of one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems by using pulse control. The construction of multiple hidden attractors was achieved by Wu et al. [24] through a universal pulse control. In [25], a sliding mode controller was used to control a three-dimensional multistate time-delay chaotic system with hidden attractors.

About the control of chaotic systems with hidden attractors, the traditional control strategies have already achieved the above research studies. Recently, many control methods have been introduced into chaotic systems, such as energy information. The Hamiltonian energy functions of some classical chaotic systems were calculated and verified by Sarasola [26–28]. In 2005, Sarasola et al. [29] proposed chaotic systems with phase-space variable functions and analyzed the energy flow under different coupling intensities. Torrealdea et al. [30, 31] described the energy function of a Hindmarsh–Rose neuron and evaluated the energy consumption of the neuron during its signal activity. The energy effect on synchronization for a pair of structurally flexible coupled neurons was studied by Moujahid et al. [32]. In [33], the Hamilton energy function of Hindmarsh–Rose neurons was calculated. Wang Chun-Ni et al. [34] extended the Helmholtz theorem [35] in the electromagnetic field theory to dimensionless dynamic systems. Li and Yao [36] analyzed the Hamilton energy of a multivolume attractor chaotic system. Ma et al. [37] designed the Hamilton energy function for three types of attractors and studied the energy modulation of the attractor.

Compared with the general chaotic system, the dynamic behavior of the chaotic system with hidden attractors is more complicated. So, the energy consumption is more, and the Hamilton energy value is lower. In order to obtain the better control effect for the chaotic system with hidden attractors, this paper regards the expected minimum energy consumption as a controller target to control chaotic state of the system. Based on the above analysis, this paper constructs a new dynamic system without equilibrium points and calculates the Hamilton energy function through the Helmholtz theorem, and then an energy feedback controller is designed to control the chaotic system by reducing the energy consumption.

The structure of this article is as follows. The dynamic behavior of the chaotic system with hidden attractors is analyzed in the second part. In the third part, we calculate the Hamiltonian energy function of the improved system and design the system controller. In the fourth part, we do the numerical simulations in order to verify the theoretical results. Conclusions are given in the last part.

2. Chaotic System with Hidden Attractors

2.1. Model Building

A chaotic system with special properties can be obtained as follows:where are all state variables and are positive real numbers. So, equation (1) is a system with hidden attractors. When , the phase trajectories of system (1) are shown in Figure 1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

2.2. Dynamic Analysis

For system (1), the divergence [38] is as follows:

When , system (1) is dissipative. It converges in exponential form , which means that a volume element with an initial volume converges to a volume element at time . Therefore, when , each small volume element including the trajectories of the system converges to zero at an exponential rate . At this time, the trajectories of system (1) will eventually be limited to a set of limit points. Its asymptotic dynamical behavior will be fixed on an attractor. As the system parameters are changed, different states will appear. To set the initial condition as , the largest Lyapunov exponent is shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) as the parameters are changed, respectively. The Lyapunov exponent of system (1) is shown in Figure 2(c). The bifurcation diagram of system (1) is shown in Figure 3. From Figures 2 and 3, we can find that, as , , and , system (1) is in the periodic state. When , , system (1) is in the chaotic state.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3. Hamilton Energy Control

3.1. Hamilton Energy Theory

Helmholtz theorem decomposes any electromagnetic field into the superposition of the gradient field and vortex field, and the field equation satisfieswhere is the gradient field, is the vortex field, is the negative gradient, is a vector differential operator, and is the vector function. Equation (3) is expressed as any field, which can be decomposed into the negative gradient and the curl. It can be converted into the following equation:where is a system variable. Therefore, generalized dynamic systems can be used to discuss the Hamilton energy [34] solution of general continuous dynamic systems in this paper. Based on the mean-field theory, the variable evolution of the -dimensional dynamic system can be represented by the dynamic equation system of variables:

Suppose the Hamilton energy function of dimensionless dynamic system (5) is , so the Hamilton energy function satisfies the following conditions:where is the gradient field, is the vortex field, and and are the quasi-symmetric matrix and symmetric matrix, respectively. The direction of is vertical to the direction of the vortex field.

The three-variable system is

The corresponding matrix equation is

The dimensionless Hamilton energy function satisfies

The direction of is vertical to the direction of the vortex field (tangent line), and holds. For any continuous differential dynamic system, the corresponding Hamilton energy function can be obtained based on equation (6).

3.2. Hamilton Energy Function for System (1)

According to equation (5), the Hamilton energy of system (1) for and can be written as

The general solution of equation (11) is

Based on the Hamilton theorem, the criterion for the stability of Hamilton energy function is expressed as equation (5). The first derivative to time of the Hamilton energy function is

Substituting equations (12) and (13) into equation (6), we can obtain the following equation:

As the parameters are selected, , the simulations are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) is the response of the state variable . Figure 4(b) is the Hamilton energy function for system (1). It can be found from Figure 4 that, as chaos appears, some peak states of the Hamilton energy function and the response will appear at the same time. It is worth noting that the larger value of the response’s amplitude appears, and the smaller value of Hamilton energy function appears at the same time. We can know that drastic chaotic oscillation will consume lots of energy. For example, the dot in Figure 4(a) corresponds to dot Q in Figure 4(b). When , the amplitude of is equal to 0.6399, and the Hamilton energy function of Q is equal to −0.0445. As , the amplitude decreases to −0.7291 at point , and more energy function is needed to be given at at the point .

(a)

(b)

As the parameters are equal to 15, 0, and 1, respectively, the response and Hamilton energy function are shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b). From Figure 5, we can know that system (1) is finally stable. When , the state variable undergoes the first sharp peak, and then the Hamilton energy function goes through a rapid transformation by decreasing its value. After a period of state evolution, system (1) gradually stabilizes at . The corresponding Hamilton energy function also approaches zero. This phenomenon can be explained as that system (1) requires a certain amount of energy to maintain a steady state.

(a)

(b)

As we choose parameters , the response and Hamilton energy function are shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively. From Figure 6, we can find a brief chaotic process. At the critical moment of state transition, it enters into a period-like motion state at with more energy consumption. From the above analysis, we can see that the more complex the behavior of the system is, the more the consumption of the energy is. At the same time, the Hamilton energy function value is lower.

(a)

(b)

It can be seen from equation (13) that Hamilton energy depends on the variables and parameters of the system. The evolution of different states for the system has a great influence on the Hamilton energy function. On the contrary, the change of the Hamilton energy function will also affect the behavior of the chaotic system. Therefore, Hamilton energy control can be applied to control the dynamic behavior in system (1).

The controlled system describing Hamilton energy control is as follows:where the parameter is the feedback coefficient to control the energy flow and is the Hamilton energy function of system (1). This method controls the dynamic system by increasing or decreasing the parameter to explore the state change of system (1).

4. Numerical Simulations

4.1. Hamilton Energy Feedback Control Simulation

The parameters , and is equal to −0.07, 0.04, and 0.18, respectively; the time history diagrams for system (15) are shown in Figure 7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Comparing the results of Figure 7, it can be seen that, by changing , the system (1) can be controlled from a chaotic state to an ideal periodic state. Obviously, the Hamilton energy control method is effective. Contrasting the results of Figures 7(b) and 7(c), it can be found that to select the appropriate parameter , we can rapidly and effectively control chaos within a limited time.

4.2. Comparison Simulation

In this subsection, the system parameters are chosen as and the initial condition as . Linear feedback control is the most common control method for studying chaotic systems. This control method is applied to system (1). Let the controller of the system be , and add the controller to system (1); then, the control system is as follows:

According to system (16), the phase trajectories and time history diagram of the system with the linear feedback controller can be obtained in Figure 8. When , the amplitude of the limit cycle is getting smaller and smaller, which shows that the linear control has a certain impact on system (1).

(a)

(b)

Figures 9(a) and 9(b) are the phase trajectories and time history diagram of the Hamilton energy control for system (15). The time history diagram for the system Hamilton energy control method and linear feedback control method is shown in Figure 10. It can be seen from Figure 10(a) that, in a certain period of time, the Hamilton energy controller makes the amplitude of the limit cycle smaller and smaller. Figure 10(b) is an enlarged view of Figure 10(a). Especially from Figure 10(b), we can know that the Hamilton energy control method makes the system close to the equilibrium state at . Above all, the Hamilton energy control system takes less time to reach the equilibrium state than the linear feedback control system. At the same time, controlled system (16) just still goes through the instability state.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

5. Conclusions

In this paper, a three-dimensional chaotic system with hidden attractors was designed firstly, and the dynamic behavior of the proposed chaotic system is described by quantitative analysis, such as the bifurcation diagram and largest Lyapunov exponent. Secondly, we calculated the Hamilton energy function by the Helmholtz theorem and applied the Hamiltonian energy control method to control the chaotic system with the cost of minimum energy. At last, numerical simulations were used to verify theory results. We also found that using Hamilton energy control method to chaotic system with hidden attractors was more effective about using less time to gain the same control effect through comparing with linear feedback control method.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study have been deposited in the article named “Calculation of Hamilton energy function of dynamical system by using Helmholtz theorem.”

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 11772002), Major Special Project of North Minzu University (no. ZDZX201902), Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information and Big Data Processing of Ningxia Province (no. 2019KLBD008), Ningxia Higher Education First-Class Discipline Construction Funding Project (NXYLXK2017B09), and North Minzu University for Nationalities Postgraduate Innovation Project (no. YCX20101) for the support.

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Copyright © 2021 Meibo Wang and Shaojuan Ma. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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