Governance: A Source to Increase Tax Revenue in Pakistan

Table 4

Unit root test.

Variables	At level
	MZa	MZt	MSB	MPT
lnTAXREVt	−0.4402	−0.2120	0.4815	16.8058
lnCPIt	−0.2785	−0.1224	0.4395	15.5685
lnINDVAt	−0.2388	−0.1951	0.8173	37.3888
GSTABt	−12.8712^∗∗	−2.4710	0.1920	2.1564
LOAt	−2.4451	−0.7776	0.3180	8.4132
ICONFt	−12.0936^∗∗	−2.4063	0.1990	2.2303
ECONFt	−7.6982^∗	−1.9047	0.2474	3.3929
Variables	At first difference
ΔlnTAXREVt	−20.8584^∗∗∗	−3.2095	0.1539	1.2442
ΔlnCPIt	−12.7289^∗∗	−2.5220	0.1981	1.9279
ΔlnINDVAt	−19.8189^∗∗∗	−3.1438	0.1586	1.2509
ΔGSTABt	−38.2690^∗∗∗	−4.3739	0.1143	0.6415
ΔLOAt	−22.8792^∗∗∗	−3.3792	0.1477	1.0813
ΔICONFt	−31.0108^∗∗∗	−3.9350	0.1269	0.7984
ΔECONFt	−25.6739^∗∗∗	−3.5826	0.1395	0.9553

Note. Symbols “^∗,” “^∗∗,” and “^∗∗∗” demonstrate stationarity at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.