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| Variables | Definition (s) |
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| Level 1 | |
| Sex | Household head’s sex (male/female) |
| Age | Household head’s age (years). |
| Ethnicity | Household head’s ethnicity (Han/Others) |
| Education | Household head’s education level (illiterate/primary school/middle school/high school/others) |
| Disease | Disease status of household head (none/chronic disease/serious disease) |
| Disability | Disability status of household head (none/disabled) |
| Labor capacity | Labor capacity of household head (no ability/normal ability) |
| Household size | Number of members. |
| Dependency ratio | Total number of members below 16 years and above 60 years as a percentage of the total number of household members. |
| Education burden | Number of students in school (none/one or more students) |
| Social welfare | State of household social welfare (No/dibao [receive basic living allowance] or wubao (receive the “five guarantees” supporting, including food, clothing, healthcare, shelter and funeral services]) |
| Off-farm work | Location of off-farm work (none/town of residence/outside town of residence) |
| Level 2 | |
| Arable land | Landholding size per capita (mu ˜ 0.067 ha) |
| Village size | Total population of the village |
| Hollowing rate | The proportion of nonpermanent residents within the total population of the village |
| Number of poor | The total number of the poor |
| Poverty incidence | The proportion of the poor within the total population |
| Economic level | Annual per capita net income of poor households (yuan) |
| Minority ratio | The proportion of the total number of the poor belonging to minority groups |
| Distance to county road | Distance of a village to the nearest county road (km) |
| Distance to township road | Distance of a village to the nearest township road (km) |
| Distance to river | Distance of a village to the nearest river (km) |
| Distance to town | Distance of a village to the center of the nearest town (km) |
| Distance to county center | Time taken to reach to the center of Wangqing from a village by car (minutes, speed = 3 0 km/60 minutes) |
| Average altitude | Average elevation of a village (m) |
| Topographic relief | Elevation range from the lowest point in a village to the highest (m) |
| Average slope | Average slope of a village (°) |
| Average rainfall | Average annual rainfall in a village (mm) |
| Average temperature | Average annual temperature in a village (°C) |
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