Unintended Consequences of Agricultural Participation in Voluntary Carbon Markets: Their Nature and Avoidance

Table 4

Percentage change from base in welfare at $30/tCO₂e.

	Mandatory (%)	Per unit (%)	Per unit plus constraints (%)
Domestic consumers’ surplus	−0.05	0.00	−0.01
Domestic producers’ surplus	3.50	2.01	2.63
Overseas consumers’ surplus	−0.01	0.00	−0.01
Overseas producers’ surplus	0.29	−0.05	0.40
Total	0.04	0.04	0.04