Digital Economy’s Spatial Implications on Urban Innovation and Its Threshold: Evidence from China

Table 5

Results of decomposition of the spatial effects of digital economy on urban innovation.

Variable	Direct effect		Indirect effect		Total effect
	Coefficient value	t-statistic	Coefficient value	t-statistic	Coefficient value	t-statistic
DE	1.095∗∗∗	(5.90)	4.368∗∗∗	(3.53)	5.463∗∗∗	(4.30)
lnED	0.099∗∗∗	(3.30)	−0.372∗	(−1.78)	−0.273	(−1.28)
lnPS	−0.002	(−0.02)	3.734∗∗∗	(4.91)	3.732∗∗∗	(4.69)
lnFII	−0.003	(−0.28)	0.140∗∗	(2.10)	0.137∗	(1.95)
lnIL	0.007	(0.51)	−0.160	(−1.45)	−0.153	(−1.31)
lnWL	0.409∗∗∗	(8.34)	−0.056	(−0.19)	0.353	(1.19)
lnRC	0.305∗∗∗	(3.08)	3.145∗∗∗	(3.40)	3.449∗∗∗	(3.61)
UL	0.005∗∗∗	(3.42)	−0.005	(−0.44)	0.001	(0.07)
lnFD	0.178∗∗∗	(5.12)	−0.899∗∗∗	(−3.37)	−0.721∗∗∗	(−2.63)
lnFOI	0.019	(1.51)	0.129	(1.36)	0.148	(1.54)

Note. ∗∗∗, ∗∗, and ∗ represent the significance level at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. The numbers in brackets are the test values t.