Research Article

Linking Psychological Ownership to Innovative Behaviour in the Workplace: Empirical Evidence from Complex Management Systems in Pakistan

Table 1

Reliability and convergent validity of the measurement model.

Constructs and measuresLoadings

Territoriality (T) (composite reliability=0.87; AVE=0.70; Cronbach’s alpha=0.78)
T1. I feel I need to protect my ideas from being used by others in my organization.0.86
T2. I feel that people I work with in my organization should not invade my workspace.0.79
T3. I feel I need to protect my property from being used by others in the organization.0.86

Accountability (A) (composite reliability=0.82; AVE=0.61; Cronbach’s alpha=0.68)
A1. I would challenge anyone in my organization, if I thought something was done wrong.0.78
A2. I would not hesitate to tell my organization, if I saw something that was done wrong.0.73
A3. I would challenge the direction of my organization to assure it’s correct.0.83

Self-efficacy (SE) (composite reliability=0.83; AVE=0.62; Cronbach’s alpha=0.69)
E1. I am confident in my ability to contribute to my organization’s success.0.83
E2. I am confident that I can make a positive difference in this organization.0.80
E3. I am confident setting high performance goals in my organization.0.73

Self-identity (SI) (composite reliability=0.86; AVE=0.68; Cronbach’s alpha=0.76)
SI1. I feel this organization’s success is my success.0.88
SI2. I feel being a member in this organization helps define who I am.0.80
SI3. I feel the need to defend my organization when it is criticized.0.78

Belongingness (B) (composite reliability=0.89; AVE=0.73; Cronbach’s Alpha=0.81)
B1. I feel I belong in this organization.0.85
B2. This place is home for me.0.84
B3. I am totally comfortable being in this organization.0.87

Evasive hiding (EH) (composite reliability = 0.95; AVE = 0.82; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93)
EH1. I agree to help my colleagues but do not really intend to.0.86
EH2. I agree to help my colleagues but instead give them information different from what they want.0.93
EH3. I offer them some other information instead of what they really want.0.92
EH4. I tell them that I shall help but I stall/delay as much as possible.0.92

Playing dumb (PD) (composite reliability=0.95; AVE=0.84; cronbach’s alpha=0.94)
PD1. I say that I do not know even though I do.0.90
PD2. I say that I am not very knowledgeable about the topic.0.90
PD3. I pretend that I do not know the information.0.94
PD4. I pretend that I do not know what they are talking about.0.91

Rationalized hiding (RH) (composite reliability=0.93; AVE=0.76; cronbach’s alpha=0.89)
RH1. I explain that I would like to help them but I am not supposed to.0.83
RH2. I explain that the information is confidential and only available to people on a particular project.0.89
RH3. I explain that my boss does not let anyone share this knowledge.0.88
RH4. I say that I will not answer their questions.0.89

Explicit knowledge (EK) (composite reliability=0.84; AVE=0.64; cronbach’s alpha=0.70)
EK1. I share my work reports and official documents with members of my organization.0.87
EK2. I provide my manuals, methodologies, and models for members of my organization.0.89
EK3. I share articles from newspapers/magazines/journals that I find useful and related to work with my colleagues.0.61

Implicit knowledge (IK) (composite reliability=0.85; AVE=0.65; cronbach’s alpha=0.73)
IK1. I share my experiences or know-how from work with my colleagues.0.79
IK2. I provide my know-where or know-whom at the request of my colleagues.0.82
IK3. I try to share my expertise from my education or training with my colleagues in a more effective way.0.80

Innovative behaviour (composite reliability=0.88; AVE=0.55; cronbach’s alpha=0.84)
IB1. I search out new technologies, processes, techniques, and/or product ideas.0.73
IB2. I generate creative ideas.0.73
IB3. I promote and champion ideas to others.0.77
IB4. I investigate and secure funds needed to implement new ideas.0.74
IB5. I develop adequate plans and schedules for the implementation of new ideas.0.73
IB6. I am innovative.0.74

p < 0.01.