Application of Flower Pollination Algorithm for Solving Complex Large-Scale Power System Restoration Problem Using PDFF Controllers

<table class="table-group" id="tab3"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Controller design</td><td class="align_center" colspan="3">Setting time <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 18.562 12.5794" width="18.562pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path d="M471 456L444 459C426 433 414 430 388 430C324 430 270 434 216 434C103 434 51 374 23 338L43 317C96 366 146 380 221 375L154 109C149 86 147 68 147 52C147 4 168 -12 197 -12C240 -12 291 25 334 71L320 96C295 75 268 58 252 58C238 58 227 79 238 138C251 211 272 296 292 372C310 372 332 368 350 368C391 368 421 369 434 371C444 388 455 413 471 456Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.932,3.132)"><path d="M357 391C357 416 325 451 270 451C241 451 179 431 146 400C109 365 97 334 97 307C97 248 143 213 196 180C250 146 261 123 261 101C261 75 237 40 190 40C153 40 110 72 86 109C81 116 68 119 55 112C37 102 24 87 24 66C24 30 85 -12 137 -12C229 -12 331 62 331 140C331 189 304 218 236 260C197 284 164 309 164 346C164 381 194 400 220 400C259 400 282 380 304 350C310 342 321 339 330 344C347 353 357 372 357 391Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.91,0)"><path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path></g></svg> in sec</td><td class="align_center" colspan="3">Peak over/undershoot</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_center">Δ<i>F</i>1</td><td class="align_center">Δ<i>F</i>2</td><td class="align_center">Δ<i>P</i><sub>tie</sub></td><td class="align_center">Δ<i>F</i>1 in Hz</td><td class="align_center">Δ<i>F</i>2 in Hz</td><td class="align_center">Δ<i>P</i><sub>tie</sub> in p.u.MW</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="7"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PI controller</td><td class="align_center">25.9</td><td class="align_center">22.8</td><td class="align_center">38.4</td><td class="align_center">0.315</td><td class="align_center">0.261</td><td class="align_center">0.077</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PDFF controller</td><td class="align_center">20.5</td><td class="align_center">18.6</td><td class="align_center">35.7</td><td class="align_center">0.239</td><td class="align_center">0.147</td><td class="align_center">0.054</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="7"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Comparison of the system dynamic performance of the power system under investigation with different controllers (Setting 1).</div>

Complexity

tab3

Table 3

Table 3: Application of Flower Pollination Algorithm for Solving Complex Large-Scale Power System Restoration Problem Using PDFF Controllers 