Research Article

Workforce Participation, Ageing, and Economic Welfare: New Empirical Evidence on Complex Patterns across the European Union

Table 1

Variables comprised in the econometric models.

AcronymExplanationUnit of measureDatabase

GDP_CGross Domestic Product per capitaConstant 2010 USDThe World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI)
POV_R_65At-risk-of-poverty rate, 65+, EU statistics on income and living conditions (EUSILC) and the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) Surveys%European Commission, Eurostat
LPLabor productivity per person employed as percentage from the EU–27 average% (EU–27 = 100)European Commission, Eurostat
OD_65Old dependency ratio (population 65+ to population 15–64 years)%European Commission, Eurostat
LELife expectancy at birth, total populationYearsEuropean Commission, Eurostat
BRCrude birth rate“The ratio of the number of live births per 1000 persons”European Commission, Eurostat
ER_55_64Employment rate, 55–64 years aged group or working ageing% of total populationEuropean Commission, Eurostat
EARNAnnual net earnings for “two-earner married couple, with two children”Purchasing Power Standard (PPS)European Commission, Eurostat
ALMPActive labor market policies% of GDPEuropean Commission, Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion
PLMPPassive labor market policies% of GDPEuropean Commission, Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion
Edu_acqEducational attainment of population (upper secondary, postsecondary, nontertiary and tertiary education, levels 3–8) (15–64 years)% of 15–64 yearsEuropean Commission, Eurostat
GERDResearch and development expenditure% of GDPEuropean Commission, Eurostat
Active_popActive population, 15–64 years’ aged groupThousand persons (annual averages)European Commission, Eurostat

Source: authors’ process.