Predicting and Investigating the Permeability Coefficient of Soil with Aided Single Machine Learning Algorithm

Table 4

Best performance of the ML model according to highest R² for the testing dataset.

ML model	Training dataset				Testing dataset
	R^2	RMSE (×10^−11 m/s)	MAE (×10^−11 m/s)	MAPE	R^2	RMSE (×10^−11 m/s)	MAE (×10^−11 m/s)	MAPE
SVM	0.725	0.867	0.436	0.244	0.819	0.199	0.181	0.282
KNN	0.688	0.889	0.504	0.300	0.960	0.248	0.179	0.211
LightGBM	0.573	1.068	0.779	0.860	0.960	0.484	0.362	0.639
RF	0.948	0.367	0.215	0.147	0.961	0.236	0.196	0.238
GB	0.999	0.047	0.037	0.043	0.971	0.199	0.161	0.185