Bent Metal in a Bone: A Rare Complication of an Emergent Procedure or a Deficiency in Skill Set?

Table 1

Complications associated with IO access.

Study	Type of study	Population studied	Number of IO placements	Number/percentage of major or minor complications	Number and type of major or minor complication
Hallas et al. (2013) [2]	Online questionnaire	Newborns to adults	861 (reporting EZ-IO only)	448/52%	25, extravasation; 11, bent or broken needle; 6, compartment syndrome
Lee et al. (2015) [4]	Prospective observational study	Unspecified, adults	33	3/9.09%	1, extravasation and skin necrosis; 1, pain; 1, dislodged needle
Hafner et al. (2013) [5]	Randomized prospective crossover experiment	Mixed breed swine	21	4/19%	3, unsuccessful infusion; 1, extravasation
Paxton et al. (2009) [6]	Prospective cohort	Unspecified	30	17/57%	11, catheter dislodgement; 3, inability to flush; 2, failed attempt to place catheter; 1, slow flow
Helm et al. (2015) [7]	Retrospective analysis	Newborns to adults	227	4/1.7%	2, needle dislocation; 1, needle bending; 1, extravasation