Pain Management Associated with Posttraumatic Unilateral Temporomandibular Joint Anterior Disc Displacement: A Case Report and Literature Review

Table 2

Different treatment modalities for ADDR in children and adolescents [11].

Noninvasive procedures	Invasive procedures
(i) Cognitive/behavioral therapy	(i) TMJ arthroscopies
(ii) Hot and cold therapy	(ii) Arthrocentesis
(iii) Passive and counter/resistance exercises	(iii) Surgical techniques
(iv) Relaxation techniques
(v) Repositioning/stabilizing splints
(vi) Biofeedback
(vii) Ultrasound
(viii) Phonophoresis
(ix) Iontophoresis
(x) Transcutaneous electrical neural
stimulation
(xi) Drug therapy
(xii) Tooth selective grinding
(xiii) Intraoral devices (removable/fix orthodontic appliances and splints)