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Study | Ackland et al. 1988 [18] | Akinosoglou et al. 2014 [20] | Al-mohareb et al. 1992 [22] | Alvares et al. 2004 [21] | Degos et al. 1982 [8] | Desai et al. 2013 [23] | Fumeaux et al. 2003 [13] | Jethava et al. 2011 [24] |
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Patient age (gender) | 70 (female) | 70 (female) | 70 (male) | 59 (male) | 52 (female) | 73 (male) | 76 (female) | 45 (male) |
Patient presentation | Neutropenia Pharyngeal candidiasis Hypogammaglobulinemia Sepsis (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Recurrent upper respiratory infections | Fatigue Persistent fevers Disseminated Cryptococcosis
| Fatigue Sweating Chest pain Productive cough Intermittent fevers | Fever Fatigue Aphthous oral ulcers | Mild anemia Agranulocytosis Hypogammaglobulinemia Severe recurrent infections (bacterial, mycotic, and parasitic) | Vomiting Dyspnea Dysphagia Atrial Fibrillation Abdominal Pain Oral candidiasis Productive cough | Fever Fatigue Diarrhea Weakness Weight loss Odynophagia Hyperglycemia
| Hypoxia Dyspnea Oral ulcers Tachycardia Febrile neutropenia Factor XI deficiency Respiratory infection with lung nodules (Aspergillus fumigatus) |
Comorbidities | Myasthenia gravis | Obesity Dyslipidemia | — | — | — | — | Autoimmune thyroiditis type 1 diabetes | Factor XI deficiency |
Histology of thymoma (type) | Metastatic spindle cell thymoma | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Thymic carcinoma (type C) | Malignant cortical thymoma (type B2) | Thymoma (type AB) |
Management (chronological) | Broad spectrum antibiotics Pyridostigmine IVIg 0.4 g/kg/day
| Broad spectrum antibiotics Amphotericin B G-CSF IVIg dexamethasone Acyclovir Fluconazole | Broad spectrum antibiotics Antifungal agents Antiviral medications | Broad spectrum antibiotics Antifungal agents G-CSF (5 μg/kg/day) thymectomy Plasmapheresis Campath-1H 100 mg Cyclosporin 150 mg bid Mycophenolate mofetil 500 mg bid | Thymectomy Plasmapheresis Prednisone 1.5 mg/kg/day Cyclophosphamide 2 mg/kg/day | — | IVIg 15 g/day G-CSF thymectomy Cyclosporin a 3 mg/kg/d (in two doses Prednisone 1 mg/kg/d | Broad spectrum IV antibiotics & antifungals IVIg 0.4 g/kg/d G-CSF cyclosporine A Thymectomy |
Mortality outcome | Died | Survived | Died | Survived | Survived | n/a | Survived | Survived |
Comments | | | | | Plasmapheresis Appeared to be the only effective treatment | | IVIg and G-CSF were only effective when given with methylprednisone after thymectomy | |
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Study | Kobayashi et al. 2019 [25] | Mathieson et al. 1990 [19] | Okusu et al. 2016 [26] | Oyenuga et al. 2021 [17] | Uy et al. 2019 [7] | Yip et al. 1996 (1/2) [12] | Yip et al. 1996 (2/2) [12] | |
Patient age (gender) | 63 (male) | 36 (female) | 72 (male) | 64 (male) | 65 (female) | 51 (male) | 52 (female) | |
Patient presentation | Febrile neutropenia Hypogammaglobulinemia | Diarrhea Gingivitis Oral ulcers Abdominal pain Febrile neutropenia | Sore throat Myocarditis Oral candidiasis Febrile neutropenia Atrioventricular block Hypogammaglobulinemia Respiratory infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | nasal congestion Cough Orthopnea Diverticulitis Gram-negative septic shock Recurrent colitis Hypogamma-globulinemia | Night sweats Oral candidiasis Febrile neutropenia Truncal morbilliform rash Hypogammaglobulinemia Lung nodules (likely respiratory fungal infections) | Night sweats Febrile neutropenia Hypogamma-globulinemia Upper respiratory tract infections | Lethargy Oral ulcers Sore throat Weight loss Oral candidiasis Febrile neutropenia | |
Comorbidities | — | Myasthenia gravis | — | Inflammatory bowel disease | — | — | — | |
Histology of thymoma (type) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Thymoma (lymphoepithelial type) | Thymoma (type 2B) | Thymoma (type 2B) | Thymoma (mixed type a and B2) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | Spindle cell thymoma (type A) | |
Management (chronological) | Oral garenoxacin (by primary care physician) G-CSF 5 μg/kg/d cyclosporin a 150 mg/d Thymectomy | Plasmapheresis Prednisolone 70 mg every other day Azathioprine 2.5 mg/kg/d | Antibiotic therapy IVIg | Thymectomy IVIg | IVIg G-CSF thymectomy Cyclosporin (target blood level 200–400 ng/mL) | Broad spectrum antibiotics Prednisone 100 mg/d G-CSF 150–600 μg/d IVIg | GM-CSF 5–10 μg/kg/d methylprednisolone 1 g/d Plasmapheresis Thymectomy IVIg 500 mg/kg/d cyclophosphamide 100 mg/d | |
Mortality outcome | Survived | Survived | Died | Survived | Survived | Survived | Died | |
Comments | | Prednisone and azathioprine were the successful treatments | No specific treatment for PWCA since the patient developed AV block and shock | | | Thymectomy had no effect | | |
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