Incisional Site Metastasis in a Patient with Cervical Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Table 2

Potential risk factors of abdominal metastasis.

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(a) Patient

 (i) Local immunoreactions

 (ii) Wound hypoxia and acidosis leading to angiogenesis

 (iii) Hematogeneous spread around umbilicus

 (iv) Inflammation oncotaxis

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(b) Disease

 (i) Advanced disease

 (ii) Adenocarcinoma cell type

 (iii) Peritoneal carcinomatosis

 (iv) Lymph node disease

 (v) Seed and soil theory

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(c) Surgical technique

 (i) Mechanical port irrigation

 (ii) No use of endobags

 (iii) Trocar size

 (iv) Direct implantation by instruments or gloves

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(d) Laparoscopic environment

 (i) Use of carbon-dioxide

 (ii) Pneumoperitoneum

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