Knee-Extension Training with a Single-Joint Hybrid Assistive Limb during the Early Postoperative Period after Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Patient with Osteoarthritis

Table 1

Chronological changes in EL, VAS, and IKEMS.

	Preoperative	⁢First HAL-SJ (POD 8)		⁢Second HAL-SJ (POD 10)		⁢Third HAL-SJ (POD 17)		At discharge (POD 21)	Following the end of the third HAL-SJ
		IPO	IFO	IPO	IFO	IPO	IFO		1 month	3 months
EL (degrees)	15	10	5	12	3	10	5	4	4	1
VAS (mm)	55	28	4	20	20	32	46	40	18	17
IKEMS (kg)	35.2	8.7	9.1	5.6	5.6	10.7	12.5	16.9	16.9	18.3

EL: extension lag; VAS: visual analog scale; IKEMS: isometric knee-extension muscle strength; HAL-SJ: single-joint hybrid assistive limb.
IPO: immediately before the intervention.
IFO: immediately following the intervention.
POD: postoperative day.