|
| Maternal causes | Fetal causes |
|
| (1) Hemolytic diseases (spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) | (1) Hemolytic diseases (spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) |
| (2) History of cholelithiasis | (2) Congenital malformation (CVS, GI, urologic, and skeletal) |
| (3) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy | (3) Anomalies of biliary tract or biliary obstruction |
| (4) Intestinal malabsorption | (4) Chromosome anomalies (trisomy 21; translocation 10, 11) |
| (5) Chronic liver disease | (5) Congenital malabsorption syndrome |
| (6) Hypercholesterolemia | (6) Pancreatic cystic fibrosis |
| (7) Increased estrogen and progesterone levels | (7) IUGR |
| (8) All types of diabetes | (8) Fetal obesity or macrosomia |
| (9) Obesity | (9) Oligohydramnios |
| (10) Narcotic use (methadone) | (10) Polyhydramnios |
| (11) Ceftriaxone treatment | (11) Prematurity |
| (12) Anticancer drug treatment | (12) Prenatal leukemoid reaction |
| (13) Prostaglandin E2 treatment | (13) Hepatitis |
| (14) Furosemide treatment | (14) Fetal- maternal blood group incompatibility (rhesus or ABO blood group incompatibility) |
| (15) Prolonged fasting | (15) Idiopathic |
| (16) Dehydration | |
| (17) Enteral nutrition | |
| (18) Intoxication with denatured oil treated with steroid | |
| (19) Twin pregnancy | |
| (20) Twin pregnancy with fetal demise of one twin | |
| (21) Placental abruption | |
| (22) Sepsis | |
|
