Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii Infection Mimicking Malignancy on the ¹⁸F-FDG PET Scan in a Patient Receiving Etanercept: A Case Report and Literature Review

Table 1

A nonexhaustive list of reported nonmalignant conditions of positive ¹⁸F-FDG PET scan [4, 15–18].

Infectious causes	Noninfectious causes
MTB and MTB lymphadenopathy	Pulmonary granuloma/granulation tissue
NTM infections (e.g., M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii)	Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Pyogenic abscesses	Radiation pneumonitis
Bacterial pneumonia	Thyroiditis
Osteomyelitis	Sarcoidosis
Aspergillosis	Pneumoconiosis
Histoplasmosis	Thymus hyperplasia
Cryptococcosis	Paget’s disease of bone
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia	Chronic pancreatitis
Pulmonary paragonimiasis	Retroperitoneal fibrosis

MTB—Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NTM—nontuberculous mycobacteria.