Utilization of Rituximab for Refractory Rowell Syndrome

Table 1

Summary of proposed diagnostic criteria for Rowell syndrome by different authors.

	Diagnosis
Rowell et al. [5]	All features required
LE
EM-like lesions (with the absence of any known precipitating factors)
Speckled pattern of ANA
Anti-SJT antibody (anti-La/SSB)
Positive rheumatoid factor
Lee et al. [10]	All features required
LE
EM-like lesions (with the absence of any known precipitating factors)
Chilblains
Speckled pattern ANA
Anti-La/SSB antibody
Positive rheumatoid factor
Zeitouni et al. [1]	3 major + 1 minor criteria
Major criteria
SLE, DLE, or SCLE
EM-like lesions (with/without involvement of mucous membranes)
Speckled pattern ANA
Minor criteria
Chilblains
Anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB
Positive rheumatoid factor
Torchia et al. [8]	Presence of all 4 major + 1 minor criteria
Major criteria
Presence of CCLE (DLE and/or chilblain)
Presence of EM-like lesions (typical or atypical targets)
At least one positivity among speckled ANA, anti-Ro/SSA, and anti-La/SSB antibodies
Negative DIF on lesional EM-like lesions
Minor criteria
Absence of infectious or pharmacologic triggers
Absence of typical EM location (acral and mucosal)
Presence of at least one additional ARA criterion for diagnosis of SLE besides discoid rash and ANA and excluding photosensitivity, malar rash, and oral ulcers