Characteristics and Prognostic Nomogram for Primary Lung Lepidic Adenocarcinoma

Table 3

Univariate and multivariate analyses of CSS in the training cohort of LPA patients (n = 3358).

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)
Age (70–79 vs. 0–69)	1.17 (1.05, 1.31)	0.005	1.16 (1.03, 1.3)	0.011
Age (≥80 vs. 0–69)	1.6 (1.4, 1.83)	<0.001	1.25 (1.09, 1.44)	0.002
Sex (female vs. male)	0.6 (0.54, 0.66)	<0.001	0.67 (0.6, 0.74)	<0.001
Race (Black vs. White)	1.28 (1.08, 1.51)	0.005	0.99 (0.83, 1.18)	0.939
Race (Others vs. White)	0.84 (0.77, 0.93)	0.001	0.85 (0.77, 0.94)	0.002
Marital status (married vs. single)	1.21 (1.09, 1.33)	<0.001	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)	0.532
Education (low vs. high)	1.12 (1.01, 1.23)	0.028	1.05 (0.93, 1.17)	0.439
Income (low vs. high)	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	0.581	—	—
Laterality (right vs. left)	1.23 (0.98, 1.54)	0.08	1.02 (0.81, 1.29)	0.867
Lobe (middle vs. upper)	1.26 (1.13, 1.41)	<0.001	1.13 (1.01, 1.26)	0.032
Lobe (lower vs. upper)	2.23 (1.96, 2.55)	<0.001	1.44 (1.26, 1.66)	<0.001
Tumor size (≥3 and <5 cm vs. <3 cm)	4.49 (3.9, 5.16)	<0.001	2.3 (1.98, 2.66)	<0.001
Tumor size (≥5 cm vs. <3 cm)	7.95 (6.92, 9.13)	<0.001	2.15 (1.82, 2.53)	<0.001
Separate tumor nodules (yes vs. no)	3.21 (2.5, 4.12)	<0.001	0.93 (0.71, 1.2)	0.559
Perineural invasion (yes vs. no/unknown)	3.95 (2.19, 7.11)	<0.001	2.15 (1.18, 3.91)	0.012
Grade (II vs. I)	1.24 (1.08, 1.42)	0.002	1.2 (1.05, 1.38)	0.009
Grade (III vs. I)	2.2 (1.81, 2.68)	<0.001	1.72 (1.41, 2.11)	<0.001
Grade (IV vs. I)	1.05 (0.26, 4.22)	0.943	0.83 (0.21, 3.37)	0.799
TNM stage (II vs. I)	3.45 (2.71, 4.39)	<0.001	3.05 (2.38, 3.92)	<0.001
TNM stage (III vs. I)	4.71 (4.07, 5.46)	<0.001	3.02 (2.56, 3.56)	<0.001
TNM stage (IV vs. I)	9.17 (8.11, 10.37)	<0.001	4.5 (3.82, 5.3)	<0.001
Primary tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown)	0.16 (0.14, 0.17)	<0.001	0.41 (0.35, 0.48)	<0.001
Metastatic tumor surgery (yes vs. no/unknown)	1.34 (1, 1.81)	0.054	-	-
Radiotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown)	2.24 (1.99, 2.53)	<0.001	1.07 (0.94, 1.22)	0.318
Chemotherapy (yes vs. no/unknown)	2.72 (2.46, 3.01)	<0.001	0.8 (0.72, 0.9)	<0.001

CI: confidence interval; CSS: cancer-specific survival; HR: hazard ratio; LPA: lepidic adenocarcinoma.