Usefulness of Hemodynamic Sensors for Physiologic Cardiac Pacing in Heart Failure Patients

Figure 2

Closed Loop Stimulation (CLS) system (Biotronik, Germany). (a) Changes in intracardiac impedance are closely related to myocardium-blood ratio in the volume around the ventricular tip. (b) An increase in blood volume (and the consequent solid angle) produces a decrease in intracardiac impedance (Z). (c) An enhanced contractility induces an increase of impedance around the electrode tip (morphological modification of impedance curve moves it to the left).