Risk Factors for No-Reflow in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case-Control Study
Table 1
Clinical, angiographic, and procedural data for no-reflow.
Characteristics
Reflow (n = 718)
No-reflow (n = 184)
Clinical data
Age (years)
57 ± 11
59 ± 11
0.051
Male sex, n (%)
591 (82.3)
147 (79.9)
0.448
Hypertension, n (%)
367 (51.1)
88 (47.8)
0.426
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
192 (26.7)
43 (23.4)
0.353
Smoking, n (%)
488 (68.0)
126 (68.5)
0.923
Prior PCI, n (%)
28 (3.9)
11 (6.0)
0.216
Preinfarction angina, n (%)
420 (58.5)
101 (54.9)
0.377
Medication before MI, n (%)
Aspirin
62 (8.6)
18 (9.8)
0.625
ACEI
99 (13.8)
21 (11.4)
0.397
β-Blocker
59 (8.2)
10 (5.4)
0.205
Calcium channel blockers
177 (24.7)
42 (22.8)
0.606
Statin
24 (3.3)
5 (2.7)
0.668
Physical findings on admission
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
120 ± 21
118 ± 21
0.209
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
75 ± 13
75 ± 13
0.992
Heart rate (bpm)
75 (66, 82)
78 (70, 92)
<0.001
Time-to-hospital admission (hours)
8.0 (5.0, 24.0)
7.0 (4.0, 12.0)
<0.001
Laboratory indicators
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)
8.08 ± 4.83
10.11 ± 5.48
<0.001
hsCRP (mg/L)
7.21 (2.89, 13.79)
9.36 (3.74, 18.57)
0.004
PAB (g/L)
0.25 ± 0.06
0.23 ± 0.06
0.008
hsCRP/PAB
29.72 (11.30, 65.96)
38.18 (14.97, 99.08)
<0.001
Albumin (g/L)
41.43 ± 7.53
41.19 ± 7.58
0.701
hsCRP/albumin
0.27 ± 0.37
0.33 ± 0.31
0.028
Neutrophil count (×109/L)
8.14 ± 3.25
10.01 ± 3.33
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
3.40 ± 12.62
2.93 ± 0.92
0.614
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
2.04 ± 1.74
2.13 ± 4.60
0.655
Killip classes, n (%)
0.064
1
191 (26.6)
35 (19.0)
2
497 (69.2)
140 (76.1)
3
19 (2.6)
3 (1.6)
4
11 (1.5)
6 (3.3)
Treatment before/during procedure, n (%)
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
101 (14.1)
17 (9.2)
0.083
Intraaortic balloon pump
43 (6.0)
44 (23.9)
<0.001
Angiography
Multivessel disease
202 (28.1)
46 (25.0)
0.396
Infarct-related artery, n (%)
0.148
Left main artery
2 (0.3)
1 (0.5)
Left anterior descending artery
363 (50.6)
103 (56.0)
Left circumflex artery
110 (15.3)
17 (9.2)
Right circumflex artery
243 (33.8)
63 (34.2)
Procedure
Aspiration thrombectomy, n (%)
338 (47.1)
144 (78.3)
<0.001
After dilation, n (%)
375 (52.2)
84 (45.7)
0.111
Stent diameter (mm)
2.9 ± 0.7
3.0 ± 0.9
0.334
Total stent length (mm)
32.7 ± 15.5
33.1 ± 15.9
0.753
Continuous data are shown as means ± standard deviations (SD) or median (25th–75th percentiles). PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; MI, myocardial infarction; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PAB, prealbumin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
