Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Multicentric Case-Control Italian Study
Table 4
Analysis of subscores and total score of GHQ, DASS-21, and ISI in 100 BMS patients and in 100 healthy controls.
Clinical parameters
BMS
HC
value
GHQ-12
Median [IQR]
Median [IQR]
GHQ-1
1 [1-2]
1 [1-1]
0.009
GHQ-2
1 [0-2]
2 [1-2]
0.009
GHQ-3
1 [1-2]
1 [1-1]
0.160
GHQ-4
1 [1-2]
1 [1-1]
0.001
GHQ-5
1 [0-2]
1 [1-2]
0.332
GHQ-6
1 [1-2]
1 [1-2]
0.801
GHQ-7
1 [1-2]
1 [1-2]
0.810
GHQ-8
1 [1-1.25]
1 [1-1]
0.170
GHQ-9
1 [0-2]
1 [1-2]
0.138
GHQ-10
1 [0-2]
1 [1-2]
0.067
GHQ-11
1 [1-2]
1 [1-1]
0.649
GHQ-12
1 [1-2]
1 [1-1]
<0.001
GHQ-12 total score
15 [12-18]
15 [12-17.25]
0.786
DASS-21
Frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
Stress
Normal (0-10)
32 (32)
51 (51)
<0.001
Mild (11-18)
35 (35)
37 (37)
Moderate (19-26)
22 (22)
5 (5)
Severe (27-34)
7 (7)
7 (7)
Extremely severe (35-42)
4 (4)
0 (0)
Anxiety
Normal (0-6)
45 (45)
69 (69)
0.005
Mild (7-9)
7 (7)
8 (8)
Moderate (10-14)
27 (27)
14 (14)
Severe (15-19)
11 (11)
3 (3)
Extremely severe (20-42)
10 (10)
6 (6)
Depression
Normal (0-9)
51 (51)
68 (68)
0.050
Mild (10-12)
14 (14)
13 (13)
Moderate (13-20)
17 (17)
11 (11)
Severe (21-27)
8 (8)
6 (6)
Extremely severe (28-42)
10 (10)
2 (2)
DASS-21 total score
Median [IQR] 16 [10-24.2]
Median [IQR] 10 [4-17]
<0.001
ISI
Frequency (%)
Frequency (%)
Normal (0-7)
56 (56)
63 (63)
0.634
Subthreshold insomnia (8-14)
31 (31)
29 (29)
Moderate insomnia (15-21)
11 (11)
7 (7)
Severe insomnia (22-28)
2 (2)
1 (1)
ISI total score
Median [IQR] 6 [3-11]
Median [IQR] 5 [2.75-10]
0.265
A significant difference between percentages was measured by Fisher’s exact test. IQR is the interquartile range. The significant difference between medians was measured by the Mann–Whitney test. GHQ and DASS-21: significance with the Bonferroni correction 0.004. ISI: significance with the Bonferroni correction 0.006. Abbreviations: BMS: burning mouth syndrome; HC: healthy controls; GHQ: General Health Questionnaire; DASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index.
