Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Multicentric Case-Control Italian Study
Table 7
Multiple linear regression model predicting ULS-8 in BMS patients.
Predictors
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Model 5
Model 6
Model 7
Model 8
Model 9
Model 10
Model 11
Model 12
Model 13
Model 14
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Beta (SE)
value
Gender: male
-1.57 (0.97)
0.109
-1.16 (0.98)
0.237
-1.62 (0.98)
0.102
-1.66 (0.99)
0.095
-1.50 (0.98)
0.129
-1.57 (0.98)
0.112
-1.55 (0.98)
0.115
-0.37 (0.81)
0.653
-1.60 (0.97)
0.101
-1.15 (0.95)
0.229
-1.09 (0.87)
0.217
-1.60 0.97
0.103
-1.28 (0.95)
0.184
-0.13 (0.83)
0.874
Age
0.07 (0.03)
0.056
0.05 (0.04)
0.205
0.06 (0.03)
0.072
0.07 (0.03)
0.056
0.07 (0.03)
0.049
0.07 (0.03)
0.053
0.07 (0.03)
0.050
0.09 (0.03)
0.002
0.07 (0.03)
0.038
0.07 (0.03)
0.045
0.08 (0.03)
0.011
0.07 (0.03)
0.034
0.08 (0.03)
0.019
0.08 (0.03)
0.011
Education
0.22 (0.10)
0.027
0.23 (0.10)
0.022
0.24 (0.10)
0.023
0.23 (0.10)
0.026
0.22 (0.10)
0.034
0.22 (0.10)
0.032
0.21 (0.10)
0.038
0.19 (0.08)
0.024
0.23 (0.10)
0.021
0.19 (0.10)
0.047
0.19 (0.09)
0.041
0.24 (0.10)
0.018
0.22 (0.10)
0.023
0.17 (0.09)
0.046
Marital status: married
-1.14 (0.86)
0.190
-0.77 (0.91)
0.400
-1.06 (0.87)
0.87
-1.09 (0.87)
0.213
-1.16 (0.87)
0.182
-1.17 (0.87)
0.179
-1.22 (0.87)
0.164
-0.54 (0.71)
0.449
-1.13 (0.86)
0.191
-1.37 (0.83)
0.104
0.01 (0.80)
0.991
-0.78 (0.90)
0.389
-0.86 (0.84)
0.312
0.69 (0.85)
0.419
Employment status: employed
-0.45 (0.95)
0.638
0.19 (0.99)
0.851
-0.43 (0.95)
0.649
-0.30 (0.97)
0.758
-0.41 (0.95)
0.664
-0.37 (0.96)
0.699
-0.44 (0.95)
0.641
-0.03 (0.77)
0.974
-0.49 (0.94)
0.600
-0.10 (0.92)
0.918
0.51 (0.87)
0.559
-0.38 (0.94)
0.690
-0.03 (0.93)
0.970
0.75 (0.88)
0.398
Body mass index (BMI)
-0.03 (0.09)
0.684
0.01 (0.09)
0.929
-0.03 (0.09)
0.708
-0.04 (0.09)
0.671
-0.04 (0.09)
0.650
-0.04 (0.09)
0.683
-0.04 (0.09)
0.664
0.00 (0.07)
0.960
-0.04 (0.08)
0.598
-0.03 (0.08)
0.741
-0.01 (0.08)
0.853
-0.03 (0.08)
0.710
-0.03 (0.08)
0.694
0.04 (0.07)
0.571
Number of relatives at home
-0.64 (0.51)
0.218
-0.30 (0.46)
0.512
Satisfaction in relationships with relatives during the COVID-19 pandemic
-0.35 (0.19)
0.066
-0.09 (0.16)
0.589
Social media use: more time on the Internet after pandemic (yes)
-0.15 (0.25)
0.537
-0.13 (0.21)
0.556
COVID-19 infection (yes)
-0.35 (0.91)
0.702
0.39 (0.80)
0.626
Healthcare service: primary care physician
0.63 (0.81)
0.434
0.01 (0.69)
0.986
Statins
-0.87 (1.41)
0.537
0.54 (2.00)
0.787
Proton pump inhibitors
0.75 (1.39)
0.591
-0.34 (1.24)
0.786
Hypercholesterolemia
-0.89 (1.16)
0.443
-0.53 (1.71)
0.756
DASS-21 total
0.19 (0.03)
<0.001
0.17 (0.04)
<0.001
GHQ-12 total
0.12 (0.08)
0.134
-0.06 (0.07)
0.390
ISI
0.20 (0.07)
0.004
-0.01 (0.08)
0.918
MSPSS-12 total
-0.11 (0.02)
<0.001
-0.09 (0.02)
<0.001
NRS
0.22 (0.16)
0.178
0.16 (0.17)
0.355
SF-MPQ
0.13 (0.05)
0.012
-0.05 (0.06)
0.399
(%)
7.97
0.024
10.73
0.011
7.35
0.036
6.73
0.052
7.35
0.036
7.26
0.038
7.56
0.034
38.83
<0.001
9.22
0.017
14.83
0.002
26.52
<0.001
8.79
0.021
13.22
0.003
42.64
<0.001
change (%)
2.77
0.093
-0.614
0.537
-1.23
0.682
-0.61
0.537
-0.71
0.591
-0.40
0.443
30.86
<0.001
1.25
0.134
6.86
0.004
18.55
<0.001
0.83
0.178
5.25
0.012
34.68
<0.001
SE are the standard errors of the beta estimates. The values were obtained from the hypothesis test on the regression coefficients. Moderately significant . Strongly significant value ≤ 0.01.
