How Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Pandemic Affect the Depression Symptomatology in Mediterranean Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome?
Table 1
General and lifestyle characteristics of the studied population according to categories of lockdown.
Lockdown score (11 to 1 points)
Full sample
Low (6 to 1)
High (11 to ≥7)
value
Age at baseline, years
<0.01
Men, % ()
1,246 (53.9%)
72.6 (535)
45.1 (711)
<0.01
BDI-II score
Pre COVID-19 lockdown
<0.01
During COVID-19 lockdown
<0.01
Post COVID-19 lockdown
<0.01
BDI-II ≥19b, % ()
Pre COVID-19 lockdown
5.9 (137)
4.8 (35)
6.5 (102)
0.10
During COVID-19 lockdown
4.5 (105)
3.3 (24)
5.1 (81)
0.04
Post COVID-19 lockdown
4.7 (109)
3.8 (28)
5.1 (81)
0.15
History of depression, % ()
21.6 (500)
17.6 (130)
23.5 (370)
<0.01
BMIt, kg/m2
0.57
Education level, % ()
<0.01
Less than high school
48.7 (1,125)
39.6 (292)
52.9 (833)
High school or equivalent
29.5 (682)
30.9 (228)
28.8 (454)
University
21.8 (505)
29.4 (217)
18.3 (288)
Smoking habit, % ()
<0.01
Never smoker
44.4 (1,026)
33.9 (250)
49.3 (776)
Former smoker
43.5 (1,005)
49.7 (366)
40.6 (639)
Current smoker
12.2 (281)
16.4 (121)
10.2 (160)
Civil status, % ()
<0.01
Single or divorced
10.8 (249)
8.7 (64)
11.8 (185)
Married
80.1 (1,848)
86.0 (633)
77.3 (1215)
Widower
9.1 (210)
5.3 (39)
10.9 (171)
Leisure-time physical activityt, MetS. min./day
<0.01
Physical activityt, min./day
High intensityt, MetS. min./week
0.38
Moderate intensityt, MetS. min./week
<0.01
Low intensityt, MetS. min./week
0.62
17-item MedDiet scoret
0.29
Alcohol consumptiont, g ethanol/d
<0.01
Intervention group
49.2 (1,137)
48.9 (360)
49.3 (777)
0.04
BDI-II score: Beck Depression Inventory-II; BMI: body mass index; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; MedDiet: Mediterranean diet. a values for comparisons between groups were tested by Student’s -test or as appropriate. bThe participants is considered to suffer depression when getting a BDI-II score of 19 or higher. tData during the prelockdown phase. There were missing data for civil status in 5 (0.22%), BMI in 1 (0.04%), physical activity in 2 (0.08%), adherence to MedDiet in 4 (0.17%), and alcohol consumption in 358 (15.5%) participants.
