Review Article
Prevalence of Postpartum Depression Based on Diagnostic Interviews: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 2
Subgroup analysis of prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD).
| | Subgroup | All depression | Major depression | | Number of studies | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | value | Number of studies | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | value |
| | Quality evaluation | | | | | | | | Low-quality | 25 | 12.2% (9.3%; 15.4%) | 0.81 | 17 | 7.6% (5.1%; 10.5%) | 0.41 | | Moderate- and high-quality | 29 | 11.9% (9.7%; 14.3%) | 17 | 6.6% (5.2%; 8.1%) | | Primary purpose of research | | | | | | | | To study prevalence of PPD | 20 | 10.3% (7.5%; 13.5%) | 0.14 | 14 | 6.9% (4.7%; 9.5%) | 0.93 | | Others | 34 | 13.2% (10.9%; 15.8%) | 20 | 7.0% (5.2%; 9.0%) | | Type of study | | | | | | | | Cohort | 27 | 11.0% (8.9%; 13.2%) | 0.25 | 16 | 6.8% (4.4%; 9.6%) | 0.82 | | Cross-sectional | 27 | 13.2% (10.4%; 16.3%) | 18 | 7.0% (5.4%; 8.8%) | | Country/region income level | | | | | | | | High-income | 33 | 10.9% (9.0%; 13.0%) | 0.15 | 25 | 6.2% (4.7%; 7.8%) | 0.04 | | Low- and middle-income | 21 | 13.9% (10.7%; .17.4%) | 9 | 9.2% (6.9%; 11.7%) | | Recruiting site | | | | | | 0.98 | | Medical institution | 46 | 12.1% (10.2%; 14.0%) | 0.91 | 29 | 7.0% (5.7%; 8.4%) | | Nonmedical institution | 8 | 12.4% (6.5%; 19.8%) | 5 | 6.8% (2.3%; 13.4%) | | Setting for the interview | | | | | | | | Medical institution | 24 | 12.6% (10.0%; 15.5%) | 0.52 | 13 | 7.4% (5.0%; 10.1%) | 0.87 | | Others | 26 | 11.3% (9.1%; 13.6%) | 18 | 7.0% (5.3%; 8.8%) | | Professional background of interviewers | | | | | | | | Mental Health professional | 29 | 12.8% (10.6%; 15.2%) | 0.28 | 18 | 7.8% (6.4%; 9.4%) | 0.10 | | Lay interviewers | 14 | 10.2% (6.6%; 14.4%) | 10 | 5.3% (3.3%; 7.7%) | | Interview protocol | | | | | | | | Semistructured interview | 37 | 11.6% (9.6%; 13.8%) | 0.70 | 25 | 6.8% (5.4%; 8.3%) | 0.77 | | Structured interview | 14 | 12.6% (9.0%; 16.7%) | 8 | 7.5% (4.3%; 11.4%) | | Diagnostic criteria | | | | | | | | DSMa | 33 | 11.2% (8.9%; 13.7%) | 0.24 | 23 | 6.6% (5.2%; 8.1%) | <0.01 | | ICDb | 7 | 15.3% (11.6%; 19.4%) | 1 | 15.2% (11.9%; 19.1%) | | RDCc | 8 | 11.2% (7.2%; 15.9%) | 6 | 5.1% (2.9%; 7.9%) | | Mode of interviews | | | | | | | | Face-to-face | 44 | 12.3% (10.4%; 14.3%) | 0.24 | 26 | 7.7% (6.1%; 9.4%) | 0.08 | | Telephone | 7 | 8.7% (5.3%; 12.8%) | 6 | 4.9% (2.9%; 7.4%) |
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Note: a: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; b: international classification of diseases; c: research diagnostic criteria.
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