Risk Factors, Prognosis, Influence on the Offspring, and Genetic Architecture of Perinatal Depression Classified Based on the Depressive Symptom Trajectory
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and child behavior problems at five years postpartum.
Healthy ()
Pregnancy PD ()
Early postpartum PD ()
Late postpartum PD ()
Chronic PD ()
value
%
%
%
%
%
Age at delivery
<0.001
≤30 years old
2,485
27.9
436
38.1
267
31.2
133
34.8
439
41.9
30–35 years old
3,402
38.2
411
35.9
347
40.5
139
36.4
369
35.2
≥35 years old
3,020
33.9
298
26.0
242
28.3
110
28.8
240
22.9
Education attainment
<0.001
Junior high school/high school
2,298
31.6
308
33.6
222
32.5
112
36.2
359
42.9
Vocational school/junior college
2,887
39.7
357
39.0
280
41.0
111
35.9
285
34.1
University/graduate
2,096
28.8
251
27.4
181
26.5
86
27.8
192
23.0
Household income
<0.001
≤4 million yen
2,731
32.1
441
40.2
296
35.9
138
37.8
476
48.4
4–6 million yen
4,610
54.2
522
47.6
454
55.1
191
52.3
430
43.7
≥6 million yen
1,163
13.7
134
12.2
74
9.0
36
9.9
78
7.9
Family history of MDD
479
6.5
85
9.2
69
10.0
31
10.0
82
9.7
<0.001
Poor acceptance of pregnancy
638
7.2
172
15.0
79
9.2
58
15.2
203
19.4
<0.001
Social isolation ()
1,417
16.0
258
22.7
218
25.7
92
24.2
382
36.6
<0.001
Unmarried
110
1.5
30
3.3
14
2.0
9
2.9
31
3.7
<0.001
Acquaintance deaths in the disaster
1,457
20.6
199
22.4
138
20.8
80
26.7
183
22.6
0.065
House damages in the disaster
762
10.4
118
12.9
74
10.8
37
12.1
83
10.0
0.190
Overweight
1,062
12.1
132
11.7
120
14.2
58
15.5
151
14.6
0.022
Male neonate
4,622
51.9
590
51.5
407
47.5
178
46.6
530
50.6
0.046
Primipara
3,284
36.9
511
44.6
470
54.9
137
35.9
471
44.9
<0.001
Multiple births
90
1.0
16
1.4
9
1.1
7
1.8
10
1.0
0.449
Cesarean section
2,103
23.6
283
24.7
212
24.8
86
22.5
235
22.4
0.651
Threatened preterm delivery
137
1.5
23
2.0
20
2.3
10
2.6
15
1.4
0.161
Fetal growth restriction
1,333
15.0
226
19.7
166
19.4
67
17.5
182
17.4
<0.001
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
342
3.8
71
6.2
50
5.9
20
5.2
47
4.5
<0.001
Neuroticism
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
<0.001
4.99
2.8
7.85
2.7
7.28
2.6
7.25
2.8
9.34
2.1
%
%
%
%
%
CBCL
369
7.7
96
15.7
75
16.7
33
17.1
138
25.2
<0.001
356
7.4
92
15.0
57
12.7
26
13.5
142
25.9
<0.001
330
6.9
96
15.7
63
14.1
31
16.1
150
27.4
<0.001
PD: perinatal depression; SD: standard deviation; MDD: major depressive disorder; CBCL: child behavior checklist. values were calculated using chi-square for categorical variables and analysis of variance for neuroticism score.
